AGRICOLA

Growth and Yield Response of Green Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) to Different Types of Manure

2026-06-04T08:27:16+09:00

The productivity of green okra at the field level is still variable and not optimal, one of which is influenced by nutrient availability. This study aims to evaluate the growth and yield response of okra plants to the application of various types of manure under field cultivation conditions. The study was conducted from March to June 2025 at the experimental field of the Faculty of Agriculture, Muhammadiyah University of Jakarta. The experimental design used a Randomized Complete Block Design, consisting of five treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of; no fertilizer, inorganic fertilizer, chicken manure 100 g/plant, goat manure 100 g/plant, and cow manure 75 g/plant. Parameters observed included plant height, number of leaves, stem diameter, flowering age, number of fruits, fruit length, and fruit weight, as well as physiological supporting data in the form of specific leaf area. The results showed that 100 g of chicken manure per plant provided the most optimal response in all growth and yield parameters. This treatment significantly increased plant height, number of leaves and stem diameter, accelerated flowering age, and produced the highest number, length, and weight of fruits compared to other treatments. Thus, this study confirms that chicken manure has the potential to be an effective and applicable source of organic nutrients in sustainable okra cultivation.

Nutrient Characterization of Solid Organic Fertilezes Derived From Banana Plant Residues

2026-06-09T08:44:53+09:00

The utilization of banana plant waste as organic fertilizer remains suboptimal, despite its potential due to its relatively high nutrient content. This study aims to convert banana stem waste into solid organic fertilizer. The research was conducted using an experimental approach, and the resulting fertilizer was analyzed in the laboratory. The formulation consisted of a mixture of banana corms, pseudostems, and cow manure in a ratio of 1:1:1. The composting process was carried out for 30 days with periodic turning until solid organic fertilizer was obtained. The analysis results showed that the produced fertilizer had a pH of 8.73; organic carbon (C-organic) content of 31.16%; nitrogen (N) 1.38%; C/N ratio of 22.67; phosphate (P₂O₅) 1.25%; potassium (K₂O) 5.58%; calcium (Ca) 2.18%; magnesium (Mg) 0.74%; manganese (Mn) 410.52 ppm; and zinc (Zn) 95.67 ppm. These findings indicate that banana plant waste has strong potential as a nutrient-rich raw material for organic fertilizer and can contribute to sustainable soil fertility improvement.

Effect of Kiambang (Salvinia molesta) Bioherbicide on Mortality Percentage and Height Growth Rate of Upland Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

2026-06-04T13:04:12+09:00

The presence of weeds in upland rice cultivation can reduce yield quantity and quality as well as decrease plant population. One strategy to reduce reliance on synthetic herbicides is the use of bioherbicides. Previous studies indicate that a 60% concentration of Salvinia molesta extract is the most effective dose for controlling weed growth. However, its potential negative effects on the main crop, upland rice (Oryza sativa L.), remain unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Salvinia molesta extract on the mortality percentage and height growth rate of upland rice. The research was conducted at the Experimental Field of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Riau. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was applied with five treatments: 2,4-D herbicide, and Salvinia molesta bioherbicide at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%, each replicated five times, resulting in 25 experimental units. Each unit consisted of two rice plants. Observed parameters included upland rice mortality percentage and plant height growth rate. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 5% significance level, followed by the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 5% level using SAS version 9.4. The results showed that bioherbicide concentrations of 60% and 80% caused upland rice mortality of 70% and 80%, respectively; however, this effect was temporary and occurred within two to three days after application. Bioherbicide treatments at concentrations of 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% reduced the height growth rate of upland rice at 14 days after application. In contrast, the 2,4-D herbicide treatment increased the plant height growth rate at 14 days after application.

Profitability of Racehorses and Non-Racehorses Breeding in the Semangga District of South Papua

2026-06-04T09:08:09+09:00

Community horse farming in Semangga District, South Papua, plays an important role in supporting
the rural household economy through racing activities, transportation, labor, and savings. This study
aimed to analyze and compare the profitability of raising racehorses and non-racehorses in community
farming systems. The study used a descriptive quantitative approach and collected primary data
through field observations and structured interviews with 46 horse farmers, consisting of 21 racehorse
farmers and 25 non-racehorse farmers. Data were analyzed using descriptive comparative methods to
calculate production costs, income, profits, and profitability levels using the R/C ratio. The results
showed that racehorses contributed higher profits and profitability ratios than non-racehorses, but both
types of livestock were economically profitable. The findings confirm that the combination of racehorse
and non-racehorse husbandry represents a potential business diversification strategy to increase
income and maintain the economic stability of livestock farming households.

Development Of Arrowroot Flour-Based Cookies Through Value Engineering Methods At Artoita Natural Group MSMEs

2026-06-04T07:58:32+09:00

This research was conducted to optimize arrowroot flour-based cookie products in the Artoita Natural Group MSMEs using value engineering methods. The study was motivated by unstable sales performance and technical constraints, particularly the fragile texture of cookies and inefficient packaging costs. To address these issues, the methodology was implemented systematically through five stages: information, creative, analysis, development, and recommendation. The findings indicated that Alternative 1, which combined Formula 1 with plastic jar packaging, was the most optimal solution, achieving the highest score of 1.0258. The adoption of this alternative was proven to generate financial benefits, with cost savings of IDR 10,626.60 per production cycle of 60 units. Beyond efficiency, the improved product contributed significantly to economic value, as reflected in a high value-added ratio of 45%. These results demonstrated that value engineering provided a structured approach to enhancing product competitiveness and sustainability in MSMEs.

Watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) Seed Germination Response to LED Lighting Treatment

2026-06-06T12:30:24+09:00

Germination is an initial phase that determines the success of plant growth, including watermelon. Environmental factors such as light play an important role in regulating the physiological responses of seeds. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the germination responses of watermelon seeds (GP, MGT, GR, and SVI) under different LED light treatments and to analyze the relationships among germination parameters during a 60-hour germination period. The results showed that germination responses were relatively uniform. Dark conditions resulted in the highest germination percentage and seed vigor index, whereas LED light tended to enhance early growth of the radicle and plumule. The relationships among parameters indicated consistent associations between time and germination rate, as well as between germination percentage and seed vigor index. Overall, the findings of this study indicate that LED lighting during the early germination phase was not a primary factor in improving the germination performance of watermelon seeds.

Extension Factors Influencing the Adoption Of Organic Rice In Desa Tanah Merah dan Lubuk Bayas, Serdang Bedagai Regency, North Sumatera Province

2026-06-06T12:31:39+09:00

This study aims to analyze farmers’ decisions in adopting organic rice farming and the factors influencing these decisions in Tanah Merah Village and Lubuk Bayas Village, Perbaungan Subdistrict, Serdang Bedagai Regency. The research was conducted in March 2026 using a purposive sampling method with 60 farmers as respondents. The data used consist of primary data obtained through interviews and questionnaires, as well as secondary data from relevant institutions. Data analysis was carried out using descriptive analysis and binary logistic regression. The results show that 63.33% of farmers decided to adopt organic rice farming, while 36.67% did not. Simultaneously, all independent variables significantly influence farmers’ decisions, as indicated by the Omnibus Test significance value of 0.009. Partially, land area has a significant negative effect, while participation in extension services and product prices have a significant positive effect on farmers’ decisions. The Nagelkerke R Square value of 0.465 indicates that the model explains 46.5% of the variation in farmers’ decisions, with an accuracy level of 80.0%.

Keywords: farmers’ decision, organic rice, binary logistic regression, extension services, product price.

The Epidemiology of Leaf Rust Disease (Puccinia sp.) in The Vegetative Growth Phase of Maize in Kampar Regency

2026-06-05T21:13:48+09:00

Leaf rust is a major foliar disease of maize that can substantially reduce crop productivity. This study was conducted to identify the predominant disease and to evaluate the progression of leaf rust disease intensity in maize during the early vegetative stage. Field observations were carried out in maize-growing areas of Kampar Regency, Riau Province, Indonesia, in November 2025. The research employed a field survey approach using four observation plots, each consisting of 100 sampled plants. Disease intensity was assessed weekly for four consecutive weeks at 2–5 weeks after planting (WAP) using a scoring-based method. The results indicated that the dominant disease observed was leaf rust caused by Puccinia sorghi. Disease intensity increased progressively with plant age, reaching 12.3% at 2 WAP, 29.75% at 3 WAP, 43.25% at 4 WAP, and 48% at 5 WAP. The disease development pattern followed an epidemic curve resembling the Gompertz model, characterized by a rapid increase during the mid-vegetative phase. These findings demonstrate that the early vegetative stage represents a critical period for leaf rust development, highlighting the importance of implementing timely disease management strategies.

The Potential of Phytochemical Compounds in Invasive Weeds Cyperus rotundus and Imperata cylindrica as Natural Herbicides

2026-06-06T11:10:55+09:00

Invasive plants such as Cyperus rotundus and Imperata cylindrica pose a serious threat to agricultural productivity due to intense resource competition. Reliance on synthetic herbicides for their control has triggered weed resistance and environmental pollution, necessitating sustainable alternatives based on allelopathy. This study aims to evaluate the bioherbicide potential through physicochemical characterization and phytochemical screening of C. rotundus tubers and I. cylindrica rhizomes extracts. Extraction was performed using the maceration method with three solvents of varying polarity: distilled water (aquadest), 96% ethanol, and methanol. Observed parameters included acidity (pH), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), and qualitative profiles of secondary metabolites (phenols, alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, saponins, and tannins). The results indicated that organic solvents (ethanol and methanol) were significantly more effective in extracting bioactive compounds compared to distilled water. Physicochemically, all extracts exhibited an acidic pH (4.51–5.05), supporting compound stability during storage. The ethanol extract of C. rotundus tubers demonstrated the superior profile with a yield of 35.00%, high TDS (2,954 ppm), and strong positive phytochemical intensity (+++) for phenols, steroids, saponins, and tannins. Conversely, although the distilled water extract of I. cylindrica rhizomes showed high TDS (2,162 ppm), its phytochemical screening was negative (-), indicating that the dissolved solids were dominated by non-active compounds such as carbohydrates. In conclusion, the ethanol extract of C. rotundus tubers is the most potential candidate for development as a natural herbicide formulation.

Interaction of NPK Fertilizer Dose and Plant Spacing on the Growth and Yield of Pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) Var. Nauli F1

2026-06-06T12:45:11+09:00

This study aimed to analyze the growth and yield responses of pakcoy (Brassica rapa L.) var. Nauli F1 to the application of NPK fertilizer and plant spacing arrangements. The experiment was conducted using a 3×3 factorial Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with six replications. The factors tested consisted of NPK fertilizer doses (0, 10, and 20 g/plot) and plant spacing (15×15 cm, 20×20 cm, and 25×25 cm). The observed parameters included plant height, number of leaves, leaf length, leaf width, plant weight with roots, and plant weight without roots. Data were analyzed using the Least Significant Difference (LSD) test at the 5% significance level. The results showed that the combination of NPK fertilizer doses and plant spacing significantly affected all observed parameters. In general, increasing fertilizer doses combined with wider spacing improved plant growth and yield. The highest yield was obtained at 20 g/plot with 25×25 cm spacing, while the control treatment (without fertilizer) resulted in the lowest growth and yield. However, the moderate fertilizer dose showed good efficiency in several growth parameters.

The Relationship Between Innovation Characteristics and the Role of Change Agents in the Adoption Level of Tyto alba-Based Rat Pest Control in Dukuh Village

2026-06-06T12:27:14+09:00

This study aims to analyse the relationship between the characteristics of innovation and the role of the change agent with the level of adoption of the innovation of pest control for rats based on Tyto alba in Dukuh Village, Sukoharjo District, Sukoharjo Regency. The study used a quantitative method with a correlational approach, involving 51 farmers who were selected through proportionate stratified random sampling. Data analysed using Spearman's rank correlation. The results of the study showed that the level of adoption of the innovation was high (83.17%). The innovation's compatibility feature was found to have the strongest relationship with the level of innovation adoption (rs = 0.485; p <0.05), with a moderate relationship. Relative advantage (rs = 0.348; p < 0.05) and complexity (rs = 0.306; p < 0.05) were also significantly related to the adoption rate, albeit with a weak relationship. Meanwhile, the variables of being able to be tested and observed, and the role of the change agent did not show a significant relationship with the level of innovation adoption. These findings suggest that the compatibility of the innovation with the needs and conditions of farmers is the main factor in promoting the adoption of the Tyto alba-based pest control innovation.

Analysis of Production Costs as Cost Control in the Production of White Turmeric Simplisia

2026-06-04T22:05:55+09:00

The development of the traditional medicine industry in Indonesia has triggered a surge in demand for quality biopharmaceutical simplicia, which requires business actors to be able to manage operational cost efficiency to remain competitive in the market. This study aims to analyze production costs and determine the difference and level of cost efficiency that has been achieved as the basis for controlling production costs in the management of white turmeric simplicia at PT Can Herbs Indonesia. The research method used is a quantitative descriptive method with a production cost analysis approach through a comparison between standard costs and actual costs on raw material components, direct labor, and production overhead costs. The results showed favorable variances in several production cost components, where actual production cost of Rp6.524.694 was lower than the standard cost of Rp6,803,694. Although variance analysis conceptually indicated a favorable savings of 4,10%, the budget absorption ratio of 95,90% is still categorized as less efficient based on operational performance criteria, indicating that cost optimization has not reached maximum potential. Based on these achievements, it is necessary to control production costs in the management of white turmeric simplicia.

The Effect of Temperature Variation in the Modified Atmosphere Storage (MAS) System on the Quality of Fresh Tomato Fruit During the Storage Process

2026-06-05T20:53:04+09:00

Tomato is one horticultural commodity with high economic value and has the potential to be exported. Domestic and international market demands for tomatoes are increasing along with the increased consumption of tomatoes in various countries. Tomatoes need serious handling, especially in improving yield, quality, and postharvest. This study aims to design and make tools to control the temperature and modified the gas composition inside the closed room (Modified Atmosphere Storage), to do mathematical and statistical studies regarding the effect of gas composition and temperature on quality change of tomato, and to determine the best treatment combination between the oxygen concentration and temperature for tomato storage. This research is done with the analysis of respiration rate, and quality such as water content, fruit diameter, and fruit color (L*, a*, b*). The Modified Atmosphere Storage tool could be made to change the gas composition inside the storage room with drain the nitrogen gas to reduce the oxygen concentration. Quality parameters such as water content, diameter, and color L*, a*, b* indicate that storage at low temperatures (10–15°C) and low oxygen concentrations tends to maintain fruit quality better than storage at room temperature. However, temperatures that are too low also have the potential to cause physiological damage such as chilling injury. In addition, it can also be concluded that the best treatment combination is a combination of 10% oxygen concentration and 15⁰C temperature. Based on the results of statistical analysis, the combination of oxygen concentration variations and temperature variations of the MAS tool significantly affected the parameters of the respiration rate RO₂ and L* color.

Identification of Factors Contributing to Mangrove Forest Degradation at Lampu Satu Beach, Merauke Regency

2026-06-06T10:34:27+09:00

Hutan mangrove merupakan ekosistem pesisir yang memiliki fungsi ekologis, ekonomis, dan sosial yang sangat penting. Hutan mangrove sangat rentan terhadap kerusakan yang diakibatkan oleh factor alam maupun factor antropogenik. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi faktor – faktor degradasi hutan mangrove di Pantai Lampu Satu Kabupaten Merauke. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan selama 3 (tiga) bulan yaitu dari bulan Februari sampai bulan April 2025. Teknik penarikan sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah non probability sampling, dengan menggunakan rumus slovin. Responden yang didapatkan adalah sebanyak 99 orang. Analisis data menggunakan analisis data kualitatif model Miles dan Huberman. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa faktor – faktor degradasi hutan mangrove di Pantai Lampu Satu terbagi menjadi dua kategori utama, yaitu: 1) isu-isu yang bersumber dari faktor alam, seperti gelombang laut, pasang surut air laut, dan angin yang terjadi secara berkelanjutan; serta 2) isu-isu yang diakibatkan oleh aktivitas antropogenik, meliputi pembuangan sampah sembarangan, limbah industri, deforestasi hutan bakau, konversi lahan untuk permukiman dan kawasan industri, serta penambangan pasir.

Effect of Sago Starch Layer Thickness in Solar Tunnel Dryer on the Quality Characteristics of Sago Flour

2026-06-06T21:07:06+09:00

Drying of sago starch is an important step in the production of sago flour as it affects the moisture content and physical quality of the final product. The thickness of the material layer during drying can influence heat and mass transfer processes, thereby affecting drying characteristics and final product quality. This study aimed to analyze the effect of sago starch layer thickness on the drying characteristics and physical quality of sago flour using a solar tunnel dryer. The experiment was conducted with three-layer thicknesses of 2 cm, 2.5 cm, and 3 cm. The observed parameters included drying temperature, moisture content, drying rate, color (L*, a*, b*), whiteness index, and the percentage passing a 100-mesh sieve. The results showed that layer thickness affected the drying process and the quality of the produced sago flour. The 2 cm layer thickness resulted in the fastest moisture reduction with a final moisture content of 8.28±1.23% and the highest fineness level (83.92±7.23% passing the 100-mesh sieve). Meanwhile, the 3 cm layer thickness produced the highest whiteness index (67.18±2.52), indicating a brighter sago starch color. Overall, thinner layers improved drying efficiency, while thicker layers tended to produce better color quality. A layer thickness of 2 cm is recommended as the optimal choice for drying sago starch using a solar tunnel dryer to produce sago flour that meets the SNI 01-3729-2008 quality standard.

Identification and Community Structure of Pests on Eggplant (Solanum melongena L.)

2026-06-09T09:11:57+09:00

The eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) is an important horticultural crop whose productivity often decreases due to pest infestations. The objective of this study was to identify pest species and analyze their relative abundance, diversity, evenness, and dominance in an eggplant field at the Educational Farm of Samudra University in Langsa City, Aceh, Indonesia. The research was conducted in October 2025 using a survey method with yellow sticky traps installed as insect sampling tools. Observations were carried out twice a week, and insects were identified based on their morphological characteristics. The results revealed six pest species belonging to four orders. Bactrocera dorsalis was the dominant species (48.42%), followed by Siphanta acuta (38.95%). The pest community structure was categorized as moderate based on the following indices: Shannon–Wiener diversity index (H’ = 1.12), evenness index (J’ = 0.63), and Simpson dominance index (C = 0.39).

Productivity Potential of the Candidate Green Round Eggplant Variety TRBBI001

2026-06-12T22:54:28+09:00

Evaluation of candidate varieties was conducted as part of the variety development process to assess growth characteristics and yield potential in comparison with established check varieties. This study aimed to examine the growth performance and productivity of green round eggplant candidate variety TRBBI001 by comparing it with varieties MBTR 03P, MD 2, and Kenari. The research was conducted at PT Dinasty Inti Agrosarana and arranged using a single-factor Randomized Complete Block Design involving four varieties with four replications. Parameters observed included vegetative growth, yield components, and plant productivity. Based on the analysis, most vegetative growth parameters of TRBBI001 did not differ significantly from the check varieties. Regarding yield components, TRBBI001 produced the highest number of fruits per plant at 34,15 fruits, which differed significantly from MBTR 03P (28,17 fruits per plant) and MD 2 (30,06 fruits per plant), but not significantly different from Kenari that reach 32,00 fruits per plant. Meanwhile, MD 2 produced the highest fruit length, fruit diameter, and fruit weight. The productivity of TRBBI001 achieved the highest productivity of 20,57 ton/ha and was not significantly different from MD 2 that reach 19,48 ton/ha, but was higher than MBTR 03P (15,96 ton/ha) and Kenari (17,41 ton/ha). The high productivity of TRBBI001 was mainly associated with its greater number of fruits per plant compared with the comparison varieties. These findings indicate that TRBBI001 has promising potential as a high-yielding green round eggplant candidate variety and is competitive with the tested comparison varieties.