ANALISIS PENGARUH UPAH, PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI, DAN PEMBANGUNAN MANUSIA TERHADAP PENGANGGURAN
Abstract
Unemployment that has occurred puts Indonesia at the top of the movements in the five ASEAN countries. In addition, the level of minimum wages is still an obstacle in accommodating the welfare of job seekers and maximizing human development which can still reduce the large number of workers in Indonesia. The purpose of this study is to see how the real conditions of the movement in Indonesia and the relationship between wages, the economy and human development can affect growth in Indonesia. This research used panel data regression analysis in the period 2011-2020 with 34 in Indonesia. The negative results indicate that the minimum wage and economic growth have an effect and are significant in reducing these elements. Meanwhile, human development has no significant effect in reducing the levels of movement. Setting minimum prices at a certain level and encouraging economic growth can be the answer in overcoming these problems. In human development, the investments made by the new government will have a real impact in the long term.
Keyword : wage, economic growth, HDI, unemployment
References
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[10] E. R. Allen, “Analysis of Trends and Challenges in The Indonesian Labor Market,†Mandaluyong, 2016.
[11] ILO, “Unemployment with intermediate education (% of total labor force with intermediate education) - Indonesia,†World Bank, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.INTM.ZS?end=2018&locations=ID&start=2014&view=chart. [Accessed: 03-Dec-2019].
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[14] T. H. Siregar, “Impacts of minimum wages on employment and unemployment in Indonesia,†J. Asia Pacific Econ., vol. 1, no. 17, 2019.
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[16] E. A. R. Puspadjuita, “Factors that Influence the Rate of Unemployment in Indonesia,†Int. J. Econ. Financ., vol. 10, no. 1, p. 140, 2017.
[17] N. G. Mankiw, Macroeconomics, Sixth. New York: Worth Publisher, 2007.
[18] B. Powel and R. Murphy, “Nutritional Efficiency Wages and Unemployment: Where’s the Beef?,†Am. J. Agric. Econ. Adv. Access, 2014.
[19] A. V. Swarny, “A simple test of the nutrition-based efficiency wage model,†J. Dev. Econ., vol. 53, no. 1, pp. 85–98, 1997.
[20] C. Shapiro and J. E. Stiglitz, “Equilibrium Unemployment as a Worker Discipline Device,†Am. Econ. Rev., vol. 74, no. 3, pp. 433–444, 1984.
[21] J. S. K. Wu and C. P. Ho, “The Shapiro-Stiglitz Model with Non-constant Marginal Utility,†Open Econ., vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 36–48, 2017.
[22] G. A. Akerlof and J. L. Yellen, “The Fair Wage-Effort Hypothesis and Unemployment,†Q. J. Econ., vol. 105, no. 255–283, 1990.
[23] E. Schlicht, “Efficiency Wages: Variants and Implications,†IZA World Labor, p. 275, 2016.
[24] A. B. Krueger and L. H. Summers, “Efficiency Wages and Inter-Industry Wage Structure,†Econometrica, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 59–93, 1988.
[25] R. A. Araujo, “Adverse Selection in an Efficiency Wage Model with Heterogeneous Agents,†Economia, vol. 11, no. 3, pp. 495–503, 2010.
[26] G. S. Fields, “The Unemployment Effects of Minimum Wages,†Int. J. Manpow., vol. 15, no. 2–3, pp. 74–81, 1994.
[27] M. Hohberg and J. Lay, “The impact of minimum wages on informal and formal labor market outcomes: evidence from Indonesia,†IZA J. Labor Dev., vol. 4, no. 1, 2015.
[28] N. Feriyanto and J. Sriyana, “Labor absorption under minimum wage policy in Indonesia,†Reg. Sci. Inq., vol. 8, no. 1, pp. 11–21, 2016.
[29] X. Del Carpio, H. Nguyen, L. Pabon, and L. C. Wang, “Do minimum wages affect employment? Evidence from the manufacturing sector in Indonesia,†IZA J. Labor Dev., vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 1–30, 2015.
[30] A. Sukmana and I. Masaru, “The Impact of Minimum Wages on Investment and Employment in Indonesia,†Hiroshima, 2014.
[31] M. Comola and L. De Mello, “How Does Decentralized Minimum Wage Setting Affect Employment And Informality? The Case Of Indonesia,†Rev. Income Wealth, vol. 57, no. SUPPL. 1, 2011.
[32] I. Taufik, Rahmatia, Nursini, and S. Fattah, “The Effect of Minimum Wage and Migration on Disguised Unemployment Rate in Indonesia,†IOSR J. Econ. Financ., vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 13–17, 2019.
[33] N. Feriyanto, “Determinants of Unemployment in Regency/ City in Special Province Yogyakarta,†Eur. Res. Stud. J., vol. 21, no. 3, pp. 367–380, 2018.
[34] Y. Hsing, “Unemployment and the GNP Gap : Okun’ s Law Revisited,†East. Econ. J., vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 409–416, 1991.
[35] S. Marth, “How strong is the correlation between unemployment and growth really? The persistence of Okun’s Law and how to weaken it,†Vienna, 23, 2015.
[36] O. B. Soylu, I. Cakmak, and F. Okur, “Economic growth and unemployment issue : Panel data analysis in Eastern European Countries,†J. Int. Stud., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 93–107, 2018.
[37] G. H. Abugamea, “Determinants of Unemployment : Empirical Evidence from Palestine,†Gaza, 2018.
[38] T. T. Doğan, “Macroeconomic Variables and Unemployment: The Case of Turkey,†Int. J. Econ. Financ. Issues, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 71–78, 2012.
[39] K. Malec, S. Gouda, E. Kuzmenko, and D. Soleimani, “Gross Domestic Product Development and Employment in Egypt ( 2000-2013 ),†Int. J. Econ. Financ. Issues, vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 199–206, 2016.
[40] J. L. Panjawa and D. Soebagiyo, “Efek Peningkatan Upah Minimum Terhadap Tingkat Pengangguran,†J. Ekon. dan Stud. Pembang., vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 48–54, 2014.
[41] M. A. Al-habees and M. A. Rumman, “The Relationship Between Unemployment and Economic Growth in Jordan and Some Arab Countries,†World Appl. Sci. J., vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 673–680, 2012.
[42] Aurangzeb and K. Asif, “Factors Effecting Unemployment : A Cross Country Analysis,†Int. J. Acad. Res. Bus. Soc. Sci., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 219–230, 2013.
[43] H. Banda, H. Ngirande, and F. Hogwe, “The impact of economic growth on unemployment in South Africa: 1994-2012,†Invest. Manag. Financ. Innov., vol. 13, no. 2, pp. 246–255, 2016.
[44] T. J. Mosikari, “The Effect of Unemployment Rate on Gross Domestic Product : Case of South Africa The Effect of Unemployment Rate on Gross Domestic Product : Case of South Africa .,†Mediterr. J. Soc. Sci., vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 429–434, 2013.
[45] U. Tenzin, “The Nexus Among Economic Growth, Inflation and Unemployment in Bhutan,†South Asia Econ. J., vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 94–105, 2019.
[46] I. Khrais and M. Al-Wadi, “Economic Growth and Unemployment Relationship: An Empirical Study for MENA Countries,†Int. J. Manag. Stud. Res., vol. 4, no. 12, pp. 19–24, 2016.
[47] R. Doppelt, “Skill flows: A theory of human capital and unemployment,†Rev. Econ. Dyn., vol. 31, pp. 84–122, 2019.
[48] T. O. Akinbobola and M. O. O. Saibu, “Income inequality, unemployment, and poverty in Nigeria: a vector autoregressive approach,†J. Policy Reform, vol. 7, no. 3, pp. 175–183, 2004.
[49] M. T. Taner, B. Sezen, and H. Michi, “An Alternative Human Development Index Considering Unemployment,†South East Eur. J. Econ. Bus., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 45–60, 2011.
[50] M. Felix, M. Bwalya, and T. B.- Mulenga, “Human Development,†Zambia Institute for Policy Analysis & Research, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.zipar.org.zm/humamn-development. [Accessed: 09-Mar-2020].
[51] N. G. Mankiw, Makroekonomi, Keenam. Jakarta: Erlangga, 2006.
[52] J. Kim, J. C. Yoon, and S. Y. Jei, “An empirical analysis of Okun’s laws in ASEAN using time-varying parameter model,†Phys. A Stat. Mech. its Appl., vol. 540, no. 123068, 2020.
[53] S. Jain, S. Chourse, S. Dubey, S. Jain, J. Kamakoty, and D. Jain, “Regression Analysis – Its Formulation and Execution In Dentistry,†J. Appl. Dent. Med. Sci., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 199–208, 2016.
[54] I. Ghozali, Aplikasi Analisis Multivariete dengan Program IBM SPSS 23, 8th ed. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, 2016.
[55] C. M. Annur, “Jumlah Pengangguran Capai 8,75 Juta Orang per Februari 2021,†Jakarta, 2021.
[56] Liliana, “Pengangguran di Indonesia,†Indonesia-Investments, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/keuangan/angka-ekonomi-makro/pengangguran/item255? [Accessed: 07-Sep-2021].
[57] BPS, “Jumlah dan Persentase Penduduk Bekerja dan Pengangguran 2011-2020,†bps.go.id, 2021. [Online]. Available: https://www.bps.go.id/indicator/6/1953/5/jumlah-dan-persentase-penduduk-bekerja-dan-pengangguran.html. [Accessed: 07-Sep-2021].
[58] Permennaker, Peraturan Menteri Tenaga Kerja Tentang Upah Minimum. Indonesia, 1999.
[59] BPS, “Upah Minimum Regional/Provinsi (UMR/UMP) dan rata-rata Nasional per tahun (Dalam Rupiah), 1997-2016,†Jakarta, 2016.
[60] Tommy, “Daftar Upah Minimum Provinsi (UMP) 2020,†gajimu.com, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://gajimu.com/gaji/gaji-minimum/daftar-upah-minimum-provinsi-ump-2020. [Accessed: 07-Sep-2021].
[61] Investments, “Produk Domestik Bruto Indonesia,†Indonesia-Investments, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.indonesia-investments.com/id/keuangan/angka-ekonomi-makro/produk-domestik-bruto-indonesia/item253? [Accessed: 07-Sep-2021].
[62] BPS, “Indeks Pembangunan Manusia Indonesia,†Jakarta, 2019.
[63] Investments, “Peringkat Pengembangan Manusia RI Dibanding Negara ASEAN 2019,†Indonesia-Investments, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.cnbcindonesia.com/news/20200217142358-4-138395/ipm-ri-naik-tapi-masih-kalah-sama-tetangga. [Accessed: 07-Sep-2021].
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2022-10-31
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