Musamus Journal of Physical Education and Sport (MJPES)

Changes in Vertical Jump Performance Following a Four-Week Agility-Ladder Program in Amateur Football Players

Lalu Muh. Alwan Ardiansyah — 2026-08-31

Objectives: This study examined changes in lower-limb explosive performance after a four-week agility-ladder training program among Germa FC football players.

Materials and Methods: A one-group pretest-posttest design was used. Twenty players were purposively selected from a population of 25. Participants completed 12 supervised sessions over four weeks (three sessions per week). The 90-minute sessions included 45 minutes of ladder exercises comprising One-In Drill, Two-In Drill, Lateral Shuffle, In-In-Out-Out, Single-Leg Hops, and Icky Shuffle. Vertical jump height was measured before and after the program. Normality was assessed with the Shapiro-Wilk test, and scores were compared using a two-tailed paired-samples t-test at α = .05.

Results: Mean vertical jump height increased from 43.65 ± 4.44 cm to 58.98 ± 6.01 cm. The mean improvement was 15.33 cm (35.12%), 95% CI [12.88, 17.78]. The paired comparison was statistically significant, t(19) = 13.09, p < .001, with a very large standardized within-participant effect (Cohen’s dz = 2.92).

Conclusions: Vertical jump performance improved substantially during the four-week program. Because the intervention combined footwork and hopping exercises and the study lacked a control group, the improvement cannot be attributed exclusively to the agility ladder. Controlled trials should compare ladder-only, plyometric, combined, and regular-training conditions.

Effects of Dumbbell-Resisted Punch Drills on Jab-Straight Punching Speed in Muay Thai Athletes

Maela Dwi Rahayu — 2026-08-31

Objectives: This study examined whether six weeks of dumbbell-resisted punch drills improved jab-straight punching speed in Muay Thai athletes.

Materials and Methods: A one-group pretest-posttest design was used. Sixteen athletes aged 17-30 years were purposively selected from 25 active members of the Rinjani Muaythai Boxing Club, East Lombok. Participants completed 18 training sessions over six weeks (three sessions per week). The main exercise comprised four sets of 15-20 alternating jab-straight repetitions while holding a 1-kg dumbbell in each hand, with progressive increases in repetition number and intended movement speed. Punching performance was assessed as the best number of valid target contacts achieved across three 30-second trials. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk test and a paired-samples t-test at α = .05.

Results: Mean punch count increased from 72.94 ± 5.34 to 82.63 ± 4.90 contacts per 30 seconds, corresponding to a mean gain of 9.69 contacts (13.28%). The change was statistically significant, t(15) = 14.90, p < .001, 95% CI [8.30, 11.07], with a large standardized within-participant effect (Cohen’s dz = 3.73).

Conclusions: A six-week program of light dumbbell-resisted, technique-specific punch drills was associated with a substantial improvement in repeated jab-straight punching speed. The method may be incorporated cautiously as a supplementary exercise, but controlled trials are required before the improvement can be attributed solely to the intervention

Wearable-Based Monitoring of Physical Fitness Among University Students: A Descriptive Study

Ridwan — 2026-08-31

Objectives: This study described the use of smartwatch-based monitoring and the physical-fitness profile of Physical Education students at Universitas Hamzanwadi.

Materials and Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted in February 2026. All 10 students in the accessible population (five men and five women) were included through total sampling. Data were collected using a 21-item, four-point Likert questionnaire covering smartwatch knowledge, perceived usefulness, usage, barriers, future-use intention, and physical-activity motivation, together with smartwatch-derived indicators such as heart rate, steps, activity duration, and activity intensity. The available fitness data were summarized using the mean and standard deviation.

Results: The composite physical-fitness score had a mean of 66.8 and a standard deviation of 4.83. The relatively small dispersion indicated limited between-participant variability within this group. The smartwatch provided an accessible means of recording activity-related indicators; however, the dataset did not support causal conclusions about whether smartwatch use improved fitness.

Conclusions: Smartwatches have practical potential as self-monitoring tools in university physical-education settings, but the present findings should be treated as a preliminary description because of the small, single-program sample and the absence of a comparator or longitudinal assessment. Future studies should report device validity, scoring procedures, adherence, and raw activity metrics and should use larger controlled designs.

Underhand Serve Skill Profile of Elementary School Sepak Takraw Extracurricular Participants

M. Haris Suganda Bancin — 2026-09-06

Objectives: This study described the underhand serve skill profile of students participating in the sepak takraw extracurricular program at UPTD SPF SDN Tanah Bara.

Materials and Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional descriptive survey was conducted with all 15 students enrolled in the program. Underhand serve performance was assessed using the serve component of a basic sepak takraw skill test, reported in the source manuscript to have validity of 0.667 and reliability of 0.757. Scores were summarized using the mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, frequencies, and percentages. Performance was classified into five categories using mean-and-standard-deviation criteria.

Results: Scores ranged from 13 to 42, with a mean of 27.47 and a standard deviation of 8.31. One student (6.67%) was classified as very good, 4 (26.67%) as good, 5 (33.33%) as fair, 4 (26.67%) as poor, and 1 (6.67%) as very poor. The fair category was the modal category. Five students were above fair and five were below fair.

Conclusions: Underhand serve performance was heterogeneous and centered on the fair category. Coaches should use individual scores to differentiate practice, emphasizing consistent toss timing, supporting-leg balance, foot-ball contact, and target placement. Standardized reassessment is recommended after a documented training cycle.

Basic Futsal Skill Profile of Male Extracurricular Participants at UPT SMP Negeri 4 Medan

Mhd. Saleh Faudi Siregar — 2026-09-06

Objectives: This study described the basic futsal skill profile of male students participating in the futsal extracurricular program at UPT SMP Negeri 4 Medan.

Materials and Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional descriptive survey included all 29 male extracurricular participants. Passing, ball control, dribbling, and shooting were assessed with a timed Futsal Skill Test. Lower completion times represented better performance. Data were summarized using the mean, median, mode, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, frequencies, and percentages.

Results: Completion time ranged from 38.81 to 59.29 seconds (47.91 ± 6.42 seconds; median 48.33). Seven students (24.14%) were classified as excellent, 4 (13.79%) as very good, 4 (13.79%) as good, 5 (17.24%) as fair, 6 (20.69%) as poor, and 3 (10.34%) as very poor. The excellent category was the largest single category, but 9 students (31.03%) were poor or very poor.

Conclusions: The group displayed marked variation in integrated futsal performance. Coaches should use individual times and component errors to provide differentiated practice in passing, control, dribbling, and shooting. The categories are local to this group and should not be interpreted as population norms.

Fifth-Grade Students’ Knowledge of Basic Swimming Movements at SD Negeri 107430 Galang

Yabes Hizkia Pardede — 2026-09-06

Objectives: This study assessed fifth-grade students’ knowledge of basic swimming movements at SD Negeri 107430 Galang, with attention to swimming styles, conduct during swimming instruction, and swimming facilities and equipment.

Materials and Methods: A quantitative descriptive survey was conducted with all 29 fifth-grade students selected through total sampling. Knowledge was measured using a 28-item multiple-choice test retained from an initial 30-item pool; the source study reported a reliability coefficient of 0.959. Scores were summarized using descriptive statistics and classified into five norm-referenced categories.

Results: Scores ranged from 10 to 24, with a mean of 19.72 and a standard deviation of 3.26. Eleven students (37.93%) were classified as high, 10 (34.48%) as moderate, seven (24.14%) as low, one (3.45%) as very low, and none as very high. Thus, the high category contained the largest proportion, although 27.59% of students remained in the low or very-low categories.

Conclusions: The group demonstrated generally favorable theoretical knowledge of basic swimming movements, but the distribution indicates meaningful learning gaps. Classroom instruction should therefore be strengthened with systematic water-safety content and, where feasible, supervised practical aquatic experiences and authentic competence assessment.

Mental Toughness of Badminton Athletes at Bina Guna College of Sports and Health: A Descriptive Mixed-Methods Study

Yoan Tulus Marpaung — 2026-09-06

Objectives: To describe the mental toughness and competition-related psychological readiness of badminton athletes in the Student Activity Unit (UKM) at Bina Guna College of Sports and Health (STOK Bina Guna), Medan, in 2026.

Materials and Methods: A descriptive mixed-methods design was used at STOK Bina Guna from March to April 2026. The study involved the 25 registered badminton UKM athletes and drew additional information from coaches and administrators. Quantitative data were obtained from a 20-item, five-point Likert questionnaire; qualitative data came from semi-structured interviews, direct and reflective field notes, observation, and organizational documents. Questionnaire and documentation scores were summarized as percentages, while qualitative data were reduced, coded, displayed, and verified. Credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability procedures supported trustworthiness.

Results: The questionnaire yielded an overall mental-readiness score of 86.3% (good). The interview assessment reported 91.8% (very good), and documentation analysis yielded 90.5% (very good). Supporting indicators included 85.9% attendance across 20 scheduled sessions, 85.7% facility availability, and 100% completeness of the documented training program. Qualitative findings nevertheless identified pre-competition fear, anxiety, low self-confidence, and difficulty maintaining focus, alongside perceived benefits of structured training, practice matches, coach support, teamwork, and competition exposure.

Conclusions: The athletes displayed generally favorable mental-readiness indicators, but competition-specific anxiety and attentional disruption remained important concerns. Structured psychological-skills practice should therefore be integrated into regular badminton training. Because instrument psychometrics, subgroup characteristics, and the derivation of an overall composite score were not reported, the findings should be interpreted descriptively rather than as evidence of intervention effectiveness.

Fifth-Grade Students’ Knowledge of Basic Swimming Movements at SD Negeri 107430 Galang

Yuda Hadi Prawira — 2026-09-06

A Local Wisdom Based Physical Education Learning Model to Enhance the Character and Health of Elementary School Students in Bima

M Ikbal — 2026-09-14

Objectives: This study aims to develop a physical education learning model based on local wisdom, utilizing the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) approach, to enhance the character and health of elementary school students in Bima.

Materials and Methods: This study employed the Research and Development (R&D) method, adapting the Borg & Gall model. The research stages included a preliminary study, planning, initial product development, expert validation, limited trials, revision, field trials, and model refinement. The subjects consisted of 120 fourth and fifth-grade students, eight physical education teachers, and two expert validators. The instruments used were an expert validation questionnaire, an observation sheet, a physical fitness test, and a character questionnaire. Data were analyzed using feasibility percentages, implementation percentages, and paired t-tests.

Results: The research results indicate that the developed learning model possesses a high level of validity, with an average score of 88,67% (highly feasible). A limited trial demonstrated a 90,67% implementation rate, with teacher and student activities falling into the "Excellent" category and student responses being highly positive. Field trials revealed significant improvements in student character (27%) and physical fitness (28%), with a significance level of p < 0.05.

Conclusions: A physical education learning model based on local wisdom and utilizing the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) approach meets the criteria of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. Integrating traditional Bima games offers a contextual learning alternative that supports the development of students' character and physical fitness.

The Effect of Local Wisdom-Based Football Games on Elementary School Students’ Motivation in Physical Education Learning

Arifuddin Arifuddin — 2026-09-15

Objective:This study aimed to determine the effect of local wisdom-based football games on students’ motivation to learn Physical Education, Sport, and Health (PESH) at Rato Public Elementary School, Lambu District, Bima Regency.

Materials and Methods:This quantitative study employed a pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design. The participants were 16 third-grade students from Rato Public Elementary School. Data were collected using a PESH learning motivation questionnaire administered before and after the intervention. The data were analyzed using a normality test and a paired-samples t-test.

Results:The findings demonstrated a significant improvement in students’ motivation to learn PESH following their participation in local wisdom-based football games. These results indicate that integrating Mbojo local wisdom into football activities can create a more engaging, meaningful, and culturally relevant learning experience for elementary school students.

Conclusion:Local wisdom-based football games can serve as an enjoyable and contextual learning strategy for enhancing elementary school students’ motivation to learn PESH while preserving Mbojo cultural values. The study’s main contribution lies in integrating local cultural wisdom into football-based learning activities. However, the one-group pretest–posttest design, absence of a control group, and relatively small sample limit the generalizability of the findings. Future research should employ a controlled experimental design with a larger sample to strengthen the validity of the results. These findings provide practical implications for developing culturally responsive PESH learning models in elementary schools.

Preparation of a scale of relative automatic thoughts for the snatch lift for young quadrupeds 18-20 years old in specialized schools

Omar kamil Abed — 2026-09-25

The performance of snatch lift in Olympic weightlifting is affected by a variety of complex cognitive micro-patterns. This study developed and validated a new psychometric scale- Relative Automatic Thoughts Scale for Snatch Lift (RATS-SL), which is used to measure the cognitive micro-patterns reported by youth lifter (18–20 years old) in the process of snatch lift execution in the specialized sports schools. Automatic thoughts have been well studied in clinical psychology and general athletic populations; however, available instruments focus on macro-patterns of conscious thoughts, but not on the subtle cognitive contents of micro-patterns occurring in Olympic weightlifting. Snatch lift is an Ideal situation for thoughts that disturb or help performance, because it is an explosive and technically demanding sport, requiring precise coordination and psychological preparation. Based on cognitive-behavioural theory and sport-specific psychometric models, this study designed 24 items through expert consultation, athlete focus group and literature review to develop a new scale for measuring cognitive micro-patterns in snatch lift. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted on 120 youth lifters to validate the scale. Four cognitive domains were extracted: Cognitive domain of Execution Doubt, Technical Self-Talk, Somatic Focus and Competitive Pressure. The internal consistency of the scale was high (Cronbach’s α = 0.87). Furthermore, construct validity was proved by significant correlations between the scale and training experience and competition exposure. The innovation of this study lies in that the psychological assessment model is biomechanically specific, which is reflected by the fact that the scale reflects the cognitive content in the process of snatch lift performance. RATS-SL can be used by coaches, sport psychologists and educators to evaluate cognitive contents, find out the cognitive barriers and design corresponding mental training interventions in specialized school. This study is an important attempt to improve sport psychology, because it connects general cognitive theory and the specific cognitive contents occurring in Olympic lifting for young athletes.

The Effect of Sparking Training on Gateball Hitting Accuracy Among University Athletes

Wilman Agus Zebua — 2026-09-25

Objectives:
This study aims to determine the effect of the Sparking technique on stroke accuracy in gateball among members of the STOK Bina Guna Medan Student Activity Unit (UKM).

Materials and Methods:

The research employed an experimental method using a one-group pretest-posttest design. The study population consisted of 20 members of the STOK Bina Guna Medan Gateball Student Activity Unit (UKM), while the sample comprised 10 individuals selected through purposive sampling.

Results:
The research results indicate that the average pre-test score was 7.5 (categorized as fair), while the average post test score was 11.1 (categorized as good).

Conclusions:
Based on the research findings, it can be concluded that Sparking practice influences stroke accuracy in the game of gateball among members of the STOK Bina Guna Medan Student Activity Unit (UKM).

The Effect of a Traditional Game Approach on Learning Motivation in Physical Education among Fifth-Grade Students at SDN 1 Runggu

Arifudin — 2026-09-25

This study aimed to analyze the effect of the traditional games approach on improving elementary school students’ learning motivation in Physical Education, Sports, and Health (PJOK) learning. This study employed a quantitative approach using a quasi-experimental method with a one group pretest-posttest design. The subjects of this study were 20 fifth-grade students of SDN 1 Runggu selected through purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using a learning motivation questionnaire based on a Likert scale covering indicators of perseverance, interest, attention, and student activeness. Data analysis was conducted using the paired sample t-test with the assistance of SPSS software after fulfilling the prerequisite tests of normality and homogeneity. The results showed that the average score of students’ learning motivation increased from 62.5 in the pretest to 78.9 in the posttest. The hypothesis testing result showed a significance value (Sig. 2-tailed) of 0.000 < 0.05, indicating that there was a significant effect of the traditional games approach on students’ learning motivation. Therefore, the implementation of traditional games in PJOK learning proved to be effective in improving students’ learning motivation and creating a more active and enjoyable learning process.

The Effect of Squat Training on Pivot Success in Ball Control among the Futsal Team of SMK Sinar Husni 2 TR

Setiawan Putra Zega — 2026-09-25

Objectives:
This study aims to determine the effect of squat training on the success of the pivot move during ball possession for the SMK Sinar Husni 2 TR futsal team.

Materials and Methods:
The study employed an experimental method using a one-group pretest-posttest design. The research sample consisted of 20 players, selected using the total sampling technique.

Results:
The research results show that the average pretest score was 11.4, while the average posttest score increased to 17.5.

Conclusions:
Thus, it can be concluded that squat training has a significant effect on the success of the pivot move during ball possession for the SMK Sinar Husni 2 TR Futsal Team.

The Great Indonesian Children’s Gymnastics Program and Physical Fitness among Students at UPT SD Negeri 064968 Medan Timur

Sari Rut Simanjuntak — 2026-09-25

Objectives:
The aim of this study is to describe the implementation of the Great Indonesian Children's Exercise program at SD Negeri 064968 Medan Timur in 2026

Materials and Methods:
This study employs a descriptive research approach using a case study design. The sample consists of 25 students representing grades I through V, selected via purposive sampling; the group comprises 14 female and 11 male students.

Results:
The results indicate that the implementation of the Great Indonesian Children's Exercise program has been carried out successfully and in accordance with the program established by the school.

Conclusions:
Research findings indicate that the implementation of the Great Indonesian Children's Exercise (SAIH) program at UPT SD Negeri 064968 Medan Timur in 2026 was successful and garnered very high student participation. Conducted regularly and supported by the entire school community, the program effectively increased physical activity and positively impacted students' physical fitness specifically by enhancing overall fitness, boosting immune resilience, and improving readiness for learning.

Medicine Ball and Shoulder Press Training for Badminton Smash Power in PB Joyful Athletes

Tadeus Twu Mei Albertson Gori — 2026-09-25

Objectives:
This study aims to determine the effect and effectiveness of Medicine Ball and Shoulder Press training on increasing badminton Smash power in PB Joyful Medan athletes

Materials and Methods:
The research method used was quantitative with a quasi experimental approach using the Two Groups Pretest Posttest Design. The population consisted of 30 athletes, and a sample of 20 athletes was selected using purposive sampling, divided into two groups: the experimental group (Medicine Ball and Shoulder Press training) and the control group, each comprising 10 athletes.

Results:
The results showed an increase in the Mean Smash power score in the experimental group from 11.00 at Pretest to 48.20 at Posttest (a 338.18% improvement). The Paired Sample t Test analysis yielded a t count of 56.08, which was higher than the t table (2.262) at a 5% significance level (df = 9), with a Sig. (2 tailed) value of 0.000 (< 0.05).

Conclusions:
Based on the research results, badminton smash accuracy among PB. Joyful Medan athletes was fairly good and was significantly influenced by relevant physical components, particularly muscle strength, explosive power, and movement coordination. Therefore, improving these components through structured and continuous training is important to enhance smash performance.

Identifying Sports Talent in Fifth-Grade Students

Sumarni Berutu — 2026-09-25

Objectives:
The objective of this study was to identify sports talent among 5th-grade students at SD Negeri 064011 Medan Deli.

Materials and Methods:

This study employed a descriptive method. The population and sample consisted of 5th-grade students at SD Negeri 064011 Medan Deli.

Results:
Based on the research findings, the following data were obtained regarding the sports talents of Grade V students at SD Negeri 064011 Medan Deli: (1) Table tennis: 8 talented students (27%); (2) Diving: 8 talented students (27%); (3) Floor gymnastics: 5 talented students (16%); (4) Sprinting: 5 talented students (16%); and (5) Trampolining: 4 talented students (13%).

Conclusions:
Based on the results of data analysis through talent identification tests and measurements in various sports among students at SD Negeri 064011 Medan Deli in 2026, it can be concluded that 8 students showed talent in table tennis, 8 students in diving, 5 students in floor gymnastics, 5 students in sprinting, and 4 students in trampoline.

Petanque Games and Physical Fitness in Third-Grade Students at Mulia Islamic School

Cindy Aulia — 2026-09-25

Objectives:
This study aims to determine the effect of Petanque on the physical fitness level of third grade students at SD Mulia Islamic School, particularly in terms of accuracy, hand eye coordination, and cardiorespiratory endurance.

Materials and Methods:
This study employed a quantitative approach using a quasi experimental method with a One Group Pretest Posttest Design. The sample consisted of 20 third grade students of SD Mulia Islamic School, selected using a total sampling technique

Results:
The results showed changes in the categories between the pre test and post test. In the pre test, the accuracy and hand eye coordination tests were dominated by the poor category, with 13 students (65%) and the moderate category, with 7 students (35%), respectively. Meanwhile, the endurance test showed that 15 students (75%) were in the poor category and 5 students (25%) were in the moderate category. After receiving the Petanque treatment, the post test results showed an improvement in the students' performance.

Conclusions:
Based on the research results, the implementation of Petanque games improved the physical fitness of third grade students at Mulia Islamic School. The pre test results showed that most students were in the low and moderate categories for accuracy, hand eye coordination, and endurance. After the treatment, the post test results shifted to the moderate and good categories, with no students remaining in the low category. The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test showed an Asymp. Sig. (2 tailed) value of 0.000 < 0.05, indicating a significant effect of Petanque games on students’ physical fitness.

Interest of Grade X Students at SMK Negeri 1 Parbuluan in the Wrestling Extracurricular Activity

Naomi Kristin Ginting — 2026-09-25

Objectives:
The purpose of this study is to determine the level of interest among Grade X students at SMK Negeri 1 Parbuluan in the wrestling extracurricular activity.

Materials and Methods:

This study is a quantitative descriptive study employing a survey method. The study population consisted of 87 Grade X students at SMK Negeri 1 Parbuluan. The sample comprised all Grade X students, utilizing a total sampling technique.

Results:
The research results indicate that 8 students (9.2%) fell into the very high category, 34 students (39.0%) into the high interest category, 44 students (50.6%) into the low interest category, and 1 student (1.2%) into the very low category.

Conclusions:
Research findings indicate that the interest of Grade X students at SMK Negeri 1 Parbuluan in the wrestling extracurricular activity generally falls into the moderate category, comprising 32 students (36.79%). A supportive school environment is one factor fostering student interest, whereas student activity levels and limited facilities have not yet exerted an optimal influence.

Does Height Influence Volleyball Overhead Serve Accuracy? A Study of Students

Heridin — 2026-09-25

Ketepatan servis atas merupakan salah satu keterampilan dasar yang menentukan keberhasilan permainan bola voli. Keberhasilan teknik tersebut dipengaruhi oleh berbagai faktor, salah satunya adalah karakteristik antropometri, khususnya tinggi badan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh tinggi badan terhadap ketepatan servis atas dalam permainan bola voli pada siswa kelas XI SMA Muhammadiyah Sape Tahun Pelajaran 2014/2015. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan desain komparatif (*causal-comparative*). Populasi penelitian berjumlah 22 siswa yang seluruhnya dijadikan sampel melalui teknik *total sampling*. Sampel kemudian dikelompokkan menjadi dua kelompok, yaitu siswa berbadan tinggi (≥153 cm) dan siswa berbadan rendah (<153 cm), masing-masing terdiri atas 11 siswa. Data tinggi badan diperoleh melalui pengukuran menggunakan stadiometer, sedangkan ketepatan servis atas diukur menggunakan tes keterampilan servis atas sebanyak lima kali percobaan. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan statistik deskriptif dan uji *t* pada taraf signifikansi 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kelompok siswa berbadan tinggi memperoleh rata-rata skor ketepatan servis atas sebesar 22,18, sedangkan kelompok berbadan rendah memperoleh rata-rata sebesar 16,18. Hasil uji hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa nilai *t* hitung sebesar 4,082 lebih besar daripada *t* tabel sebesar 1,72 (α = 0,05), sehingga hipotesis alternatif diterima. Dengan demikian, dapat disimpulkan bahwa tinggi badan berpengaruh terhadap ketepatan servis atas dalam permainan bola voli. Temuan ini menunjukkan bahwa tinggi badan merupakan salah satu faktor antropometri yang mendukung keterampilan servis atas, meskipun keberhasilan teknik tersebut juga dipengaruhi oleh faktor lain, seperti penguasaan teknik, latihan, kekuatan otot, dan koordinasi gerak

Speed, Agility, and Endurance in Mekarsari Sape U-15 Football Players

Hermansyah — 2026-09-25

Objectives: This study aims to analyze the physical fitness profile of Mekarsari Sape U-15 soccer players, with a focus on the components of speed, agility, and aerobic endurance as important factors in supporting player performance during training and matches.

Materials and Methods: This study used a quantitative descriptive method with a survey approach. The research sample consisted of 24 Mekarsari Sape U-15 soccer players selected using a total sampling technique. The research instruments included a 30-meter sprint test to measure speed, the Illinois Agility Test to measure agility, and the Multistage Fitness Test (MFT) to measure aerobic endurance through VO₂max estimation . Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics including mean values, standard deviations, frequencies, and percentages.

Results: The results of the study indicate that the physical fitness profile of Mekarsari Sape U-15 players is generally in the moderate category. The average speed of players is 4.88 seconds, the average agility is 18.45 seconds, and the average aerobic endurance based on the estimated VO₂max is 42.76 ml/kg/minute. Based on the distribution of physical fitness categories, 5 players or 20.83% are in the very good category, 7 players or 29.17% are in the good category, 8 players or 33.33% are in the moderate category, 3 players or 12.50% are in the poor category, and 1 player or 4.17% is in the very poor category.

Conclusions: The physical fitness profile of Mekarsari Sape U-15 soccer players is generally in the moderate to good category. Aerobic endurance still requires special attention in training programs because it plays a crucial role in maintaining consistent player performance during matches. The results of this study can serve as a basis for coaches in developing more targeted physical training programs, particularly to improve the endurance, agility, and speed of young players.

Iraq Intelligence Levels Among Athletic and Non-athletic Students: A Comparative Study

Hamad Abdulsalam — 2026-09-25

The aim of this study was to investigate differences in intelligence levels between students who participate in sport and those who do not, and to demonstrate the impact of sporting activity on the development of cognitive abilities. The researchers employed a descriptive, comparative approach. The sample comprised 40 secondary school pupils in Kirkuk Governorate, who were divided into two equal groups: 20 pupils who participated in sporting activities and 20 who did not.
The Raven Progressive Matrices test was administered to measure intelligence, and a t-test was used to analyses the differences between the two groups. The results showed statistically significant differences in favour of the students who practise sport, with an average score of 11500. compared to 10600. for non-athletes, at a significance level of 0000.
The results indicate that sporting activity has a positive effect on the development of intelligence, which underscores the importance of integrating sporting activities into the school environment. The study recommended the need to support sporting programmes and encourage pupils to participate in them to enhance their cognitive and psychological well-being.

Sprint Instruction and Changes in Motor Performance Among Grade Eight Students in Palembang

Bima Kesuma Herlambang — 2026-09-27

Objectives: To examine changes in sprint technique and a composite motor performance score following sprint instruction among Grade Eight students at SMP Xaverius 1 Palembang.

Materials and Methods: This single-group pretest–posttest study included 30 students (17 boys and 13 girls) from one Grade Eight class. Sprint instruction addressed the crouch start, running mechanics, and finish over several lessons between January 19 and February 13, 2026. Teacher-rated sprint technique and a composite of strength, endurance, speed, agility, and flexibility were assessed before and after instruction. Paired observations from the original thesis were reanalysed using a paired t test for the motor score and a Wilcoxon signed-rank test for the sprint technique score.

Results: Mean sprint technique scores increased from 4.97 (SD 1.19) to 10.30 (SD 0.70), with a median within-student gain of 5 points (Wilcoxon p < .001). Mean motor scores increased from 8.40 (SD 1.45) to 16.57 (SD 1.87); the mean paired difference was 8.17 points (95% CI 7.31–9.03; t[29] = 19.40, p < .001). All 30 students improved on both scores.

Conclusions: Both recorded scores improved during the sprint instruction period. Because there was no comparison group and the scoring instruments require further validation, the changes cannot be attributed solely to instruction or interpreted as measured improvements in each fitness component.

Kinovea-Based Analysis of Jump Smash Biomechanics in PB Juwita Athletes

Isabella — 2026-09-27

Objectives:
This study aims to describe the biomechanical characteristics of the jump smash movement of badminton athletes at PB. Juwita Tanjung Morawa using the Kinovea application as a two-dimensional motion analysis tool

Materials and Methods:
This study employed a descriptive quantitative method with a motion analysis approach. The sample consisted of 6 athletes selected using purposive sampling.

Results:
The results showed that the average shoulder joint angle was 82.33°, the average elbow joint angle was 100.67°, the average knee joint angle was 77.60°, and the average jump height was 80.58 cm. The highest jump height reached 96.30 cm, while the lowest was 63.65 cm

Conclusions:
The results show that Kinovea can be used to objectively analyze the biomechanics of badminton jump smashes through joint angle and jump height measurements. The six athletes showed different biomechanical characteristics, with average shoulder, elbow, and knee angles of 82.33°, 100.67°, and 77.60°, and an average jump height of 80.58 cm. Jump smash performance is influenced not only by jump height but also by coordination, balance, joint angles, and timing. Kinovea can therefore support technical evaluation and the development of more effective training programs.

Physical Fitness of Male Students at SMPIT Sahabat Al Qur’an

Hafidz Zulkhair — 2026-09-27

Objectives: To describe the physical fitness profile of male students at SMPIT Sahabat Al Qur’an Binjai using the Indonesian Student Fitness Test (TKSI) Phase D.

Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional survey included all 27 male students in the study population. Frequencies and percentages were reported for five recorded test components: sit-ups, standing broad jump, agility T-test, hand–eye coordination, and multistage shuttle run. Overall fitness categories were taken from the summary reported in the original study.

Results: Overall fitness was rated very good in 3 students (11.11%), good in 15 (55.56%), moderate in 7 (25.93%), and poor in 2 (7.41%). The modal category was good for sit-ups (17/27; 62.96%), standing broad jump (11/27; 40.74%), agility (15/27; 55.56%), and hand–eye coordination (15/27; 55.56%). For the shuttle run, the modal category was moderate (11/27; 40.74%).

Conclusions: Most students were classified in the good overall fitness category, while the endurance component showed room for improvement. These descriptive results can guide further assessment and school physical activity planning; they do not establish effects on learning or Qur’an memorization.

Effects of Service Distance on Overhead Serve Accuracy in Junior High School Volleyball Players

Anton Sembiring — 2026-09-30

This study aimed to determine the effect of service distance variation training on the service accuracy of volleyball extracurricular participants at SMP Negeri 45 Medan.

Materials and Methods:

This study employed a quasi-experimental method using a One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design. The population consisted of 40 volleyball extracurricular participants from SMP Negeri 45 Medan. Purposive sampling was used to select the sample based on the following criteria: (1) beginner volleyball extracurricular participants aged 13–15 years, and (2) female gender. Sixteen participants met these criteria.

Results:
The results indicate a significant effect of service distance variation training on the overhand service accuracy of the volleyball extracurricular participants at SMP Negeri 45 Medan, with a calculated t-value of 6.245 (exceeding the t-table value of 2.131) and a significance value of 0.000 (less than 0.05).

Conclusions:
Based on the data analysis, description, research results, and discussion, it can be concluded that serving distance variation training has a significant effect on the overhead serve accuracy of the volleyball extracurricular participants at SMP Negeri 45 Medan, with a calculated t-value of 6.245 (exceeding the t-table value of 2.131) and a significance value of 0.000 (less than 0.05).

Effects of Short and Intermediate Interval Training on VO₂max in Male School Futsal Players

Alfred Julwandi Gea — 2026-09-30

Objectives:
TrainingThis study aimed to determine the effect of short interval training and intermediate interval training on increasing the VO₂max of male futsal extracurricular athletes at SMK Sinar Husni 2 TR in 2026.

Materials and Methods:
The method used in this study was an experimental method involving treatment in the form of short interval training and intermediate interval training. The population consisted of 30 male futsal athletes. The sample consisted of 12 athletes selected using a random sampling technique.

Results:
Based on the results of the Beep Test (multistage shuttle run test), the pre-test showed that 8 athletes (67%) were categorized as moderate and 4 athletes (33%) were categorized as very poor. Meanwhile, the post-test results showed that 1 athlete (8%) was categorized as good, 9 athletes (76%) as fairly good, 1 athlete (8%) as moderate, and 1 athlete (8%) as poor, indicating an improvement in VO₂max.

Conclusions:
The study concluded that short interval training and intermediate interval training increased the cardiorespiratory endurance (VO₂max) of male futsal extracurricular athletes at SMK Sinar Husni 2 TR in 2026.

Long Jump Games to Improve Motor Skills in First-Grade Students

Vivi Dwita Sari — 2026-10-06

Objectives:
This study aims to determine the effect of long jump game activities on students' motor skills.

Materials and Methods:

The study employed a quantitative approach using a quasi experimental design, specifically a one group pretest posttest design. The sample consisted of 25 students.

Results:
Descriptive analysis results showed an increase in the mean jumping ability score from 110.53 in the pretest to 113.72 in the posttest, representing an increase of 3.20 points. The median score rose from 112 to 115, while the score range decreased from 190 to 170, indicating greater uniformity in student abilities following the intervention.

Conclusions:
Based on the research findings, long jump activities did not significantly improve the motor skills of first grade students at SD IT Al Kautsar in the 2026 academic year, although the mean score increased after treatment. This may have been influenced by the short treatment duration, limited sample size, developmental stage, and suboptimal training intensity.

Backhand Short Serve Drills to Improve Badminton Serve Accuracy in Elementary School Students

Fikram Daya — 2026-10-06

Objectives:
This study aims to determine the effectiveness of short backhand serve drills on the accuracy of the short backhand serve among participants in the badminton extracurricular program at SD IT Al Kautsar.

Materials and Methods:

This study employed a quantitative method using a one group pretest posttest design. The sample consisted of 14 participants selected using total sampling.

Results:
The results of the study show that the average accuracy score for the backhand short serve increased from 5.64 on the pretest to 13.07 on the posttest, representing an increase of 7.43 points (131.74%).

Conclusions:
Based on the research results, it can be concluded that backhand short serve drilling exercises are effective in improving the accuracy of the backhand short serve among participants in the badminton extracurricular program at SD IT Al Kautsar. This method can be used as an alternative training method to improve backhand short serve skills among elementary school students.

Effects of SAQ Training on Speed and Agility in Junior High School Students

Hafamati Lahagu — 2026-10-06

Objectives:
This study aims to determine the effect of Speed, Agility, and Quickness (SAQ) training on improving the physical components of speed and agility among SMP Budi Mulia extracurricular participants in 2026.

Materials and Methods:

The study employs a quantitative method using a one group pretest posttest design. The population consists of athletes/participants undergoing the training, with a sample size of 16 individuals determined based on research requirements.

Results:
Results regarding speed showed a mean pretest time of 5.878 seconds and a mean posttest time of 5.344 seconds, representing an improvement of 0.534 seconds (9.09%).

Conclusions:
Based on these findings, it can be concluded that Speed, Agility, and Quickness (SAQ) training has an effect on improving the physical components of speed and agility among SMP Budi Mulia extracurricular participants in 2026.

Integrating Plyometric and Strength Training to Improve Basketball Jump Shot Performance

Vivi Inriani Butar Butar — 2026-10-11

Objectives:
This study aims to determine the contribution of PLYOMETRIC and STRENGTH TRAINING to the improvement of jump shot performance among male basketball players in the extracurricular program at SMA Negeri 2 Tebing Tinggi City during the 2026 year.

Materials and Methods:

The research employs an experimental method involving the implementation of Plyometric and Strength Training sessions. The population consisted of 15 male basketball players. A sample of 12 players was selected using purposive sampling

Results:
Statistical regression analysis was performed on the post test data (Plyometri Cand push up results) in relation to jump shot performance. The calculated R value was 0.94, yielding a coefficient of determination of 97% (indicating a very high level of influence). Meanwhile, the calculated F value was 204.42, and the F table value was 4.26 at a significance level of α = 0.05. Since F calculated > F table, the null hypothesis (Ho) was rejected, and the alternative hypothesis (Ha) was accepted.

Conclusions:
Based on the hypothesis testing and research findings, it can be concluded that plyometric training significantly contributes to improving jump shot performance among male basketball players in the extracurricular program at SMA Negeri 2 Tebing Tinggi in 2026, whereas push up training does not show a significant contribution when considered individually. However, plyometric and push up training together make a significant contribution to improving jump shot performance.

Improving Volleyball Forearm Passing Through Progressive Wall Target Practice

Achmad Rizky — 2026-10-11

Objectives: To describe changes in volleyball forearm passing performance and classroom mastery during two cycles of progressive wall target practice.

Materials and Methods: A classroom action research design used planning, action, observation, and reflection in two cycles, each comprising two lessons. The study involved 30 Grade VIII students assessed at baseline and after each cycle. Practice progressed from a fixed distance to distances of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 m, with peer coaching and individual corrective feedback introduced in the second cycle. Assessment involved a 60-second wall passing task. Descriptive statistics were recalculated from individual score tables. Mastery required a score of at least 75, and classroom success required at least 85% of students to meet this threshold.

Results: Mean scores increased from 65.07 ± 8.89 at baseline to 76.20 ± 6.40 after Cycle I and 85.40 ± 4.88 after Cycle II. Mastery increased from 7 of 30 students (23.33%) to 18 (60.00%) and then 30 (100.00%). The baseline-to-final mean increase was 20.33 points, while mastery increased by 76.67 percentage points. Reported activity scores rose from 52.40% to 71.20% and 86.40%.

Conclusions: Progressive wall target practice was accompanied by improved assessed passing performance and attainment of the classroom success criterion. These findings support its use as a practical instructional option in the studied class, although the design cannot establish an independent causal effect or lasting transfer to game performance.

The Effect of Modified PVC Pipe Training Aids on Indoor Hockey Dribbling Skills

Muhamad Farhan Nurrohman — 2026-10-12

skills among students participating in the hockey extracurricular program at SMAN 1 Garut. The study employed an experimental method using a one-group pretest-posttest design. The participants were 20 active students in the school hockey extracurricular program, selected through total sampling. Data were collected through dribbling skill tests and measurements administered before and after the intervention. The intervention consisted of eight training sessions conducted twice a week. Data were analyzed using the Shapiro-Wilk normality test and the Mann-Whitney test with statistical software. The descriptive results showed that the mean dribbling skill score increased from 55.2 at pretest to 86.1 at posttest. The normality test indicated that both pretest and posttest data were not normally distributed. The Mann-Whitney test produced a Z value of -1.908 with a significance value of 0.004. Since the significance value was below 0.05, the null hypothesis was rejected and the alternative hypothesis was accepted. Therefore, the use of the modified PVC-pipe training aid had a significant effect on improving indoor hockey dribbling skills among students at SMAN 1 Garut. The training aid can serve as a simple and varied alternative for developing dribbling skills in school hockey training.