Musamus Journal of Physical Education and Sport (MJPES)

Effect of a geminate treatment protocol using acupuncture and shockwave therapy to reduce elbow joint pain and improving motor functions among judo players in Diyala clubs

Hani Khalil Ibrahim — 2026-01-09

Objectives. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of a geminate treatment protocol combining acupuncture and ESWT with a structured kinetic rehabilitation program in alleviating elbow joint pain and improving muscle strength and range of motion in judo players.

Materials and Methods. A pre- and post-test pilot study was conducted on two experimental groups of 16 participants, divided into two groups of 8, over an eight-week period. Pre- and post-test variables were measured using a VAS for pain, a portable dynamometer for strength, and a gneumeter for range of motion. T test was used for related and independent samples, and effect sizes (Cohen's d) and variance ratios (η²) were calculated, with a significance level α = 0.05.

Results. The group that received the geminate protocol showed statistically and practically significant improvement, with mean pain decreasing from 6.31 ± 0.74 to 2.10 ± 0.62 (t = 9.04, p < .001, d = 2.10), and strength increasing from 27.3 ± 2.48 to 32.1 ± 2.15 (t = 6.42, p < .001, d = 1.70). Range of motion increased from 104.6 ± 3.85 to 118.2 ± 3.10 (t = 7.15, p < 0.001, d = 1.85).

The second group (prickling + motor program) also recorded significant improvements, but with smaller effect sizes: pain 6.28 → 3.40 (t = 5.82, p = .001, d = 1.35).

In post-test comparison, the geminate protocol demonstrated superiority across all variables: pain difference (t = −4.12, p = 0.001, d = 1.45, η² = 0.46), strength (t = 2.50, p = 0.022, d = 0.90, η² = 0.28), and range of motion (t = 5.56, p < 0.001, d = 1.95, η² = 0.61).

Conclusion. The study concludes that integrating ESWT and acupuncture with a rehabilitation program provides a comprehensive therapeutic effect that exceeds the effectiveness of acupuncture and exercise alone, achieving significant pain relief and strong functional improvements in strength and flexibility. The study recommends adopting this geminate protocol in sports rehabilitation programs, training staff in its application, and conducting research with larger sample sizes and longer follow-up periods to confirm the sustainability of benefits.

Impact Of Using Visual Feedback On Some Offensive Holds And Technical Performance For Greco-Roman Wrestlers

Tawheed Haider Abdul Razzaq — 2026-01-11

Greco-Roman wrestling is a combat sport that demands a high level of precision in technical execution and ability to execute offensive holds efficiently and quickly. With continuous development of modern training methods, use of technological tools, particularly visual feedback, has become an effective method for improving athletes' motor and technical performance. This helps wrestlers identify and immediately correct their mistakes by reviewing recordings of their training sessions, thus enhancing their ability to refine their movements and achieve optimal performance. Research problem lies in fact that many Greco-Roman wrestlers suffer from weak technical execution of certain offensive holds due to their reliance on traditional training methods that lack accurate and immediate feedback. This highlights importance of introducing modern visual tools that contribute to developing offensive efficiency and raising technical level of wrestlers. The research aims to identify effect of using visual feedback in developing some offensive holds and improving technical performance of junior Greco-Roman wrestling players. The researchers used experimental method because it is suitable for nature of research by applying a training program based on video and visual analysis of performance within specific periods and comparing results before and after implementation. This indicates that use of visual means in training is one of modern methods effective in developing skill and technical aspects of wrestling players. The researchers recommend generalizing this method in training centers and clubs because of its positive effect on raising technical level and general performance of players

Impact Of Training Approach Using Mental Training Companion Performance In Some Special Physical Abilities, Psychological, And Offensive Skills For Soccer Midfielder Players

Bahzad Shafeeq Khalaf — 2026-01-14

Research problem lies in clear gap between technical skills and cognitive abilities among midfielders. Field observations and analytical studies show that many players possess good technical skills but suffer from weaknesses in motor creativity and unconventional decision-making under pressure. This deficiency is particularly evident in critical attacking situations that require creative solutions and unexpected choices. Furthermore, to the best of the researchers' knowledge, previous studies have not addressed integration of mental visualization with sensory perception in a single program aimed at developing motor creativity. Therefore, the researchers designed a training program based on integrating mental visualization with sensory perception for advanced football players. Research aims to design a training program using mental visualization training alongside practical training for advanced football players, developing transitional speed and attack organization for advanced football midfielders. The researchers used a single-group experimental method, as it is suitable for nature of research. The researchers purposively selected research population and sample, which consisted of 60 advanced football players in Sulaymaniyah Governorate. The researchers concluded that training program was effective in developing physical, technical, and psychological aspects of advanced football players. Training shortens path between seeing situation and making a decision, and expands physical and mental repertoire of a football player.

Effect of exercises using Sensball to develop some physical and skill abilities of football players aged 10-13 years

Dilawar Anwar Mohammed — 2026-01-22

The current study aims to develop exercises using Sensball technique to enhance physical and skill abilities of football players aged 10-13 years. It also seeks to determine values of pre- and post-tests, identify impact of Sensball exercises to develop of certain physical and skill abilities in experimental group, and identify any differences in physical and skill abilities between two groups in post-tests. The study problem stems from fact that most youth training relies on traditional methods for developing players' physical and skill variables, neglecting newer methods and approaches. The researcher employed an experimental method using a randomized equivalent groups design with pre- and post-tests for both experimental and control groups, as this approach was deemed most suitable for the research problem. The research population consisted of football players aged 10-13 years, while the research sample comprised 26 young players from the Kiwan Sports Club football team. Twenty of these players were then randomly selected by lottery. The study results showed that training method used did not produce a clear and significant improvement in physical and skill abilities of young football players in control group. However, Sensball exercises positively impacted development of physical and skill abilities in post-tests and across all skills studied. Sensball exercises demonstrated a superior effect on physical and skill development in post-tests for both groups, with experimental group showing most significant improvement in both physical and skill abilities. The researcher recommends utilizing exercises developed to create similar programs for developing specific physical and skill abilities in football players aged 10-13, and applying research findings by incorporating Sensball exercises into training of football players aged 10-13.

Transformation of AI-Enabled Collaborative Pedagogy in TEFL for Sport Education Students

Yohanes Gatot Sutapa Yuliana — 2026-01-22

TEFL Learning Methodology for No speaker original will experience Lots difficulties. Native speakers do not every moment can accompany in the learning process. Therefore that, help like AI becomes offer interesting as A choice in effort make it easier For study.

Objectives. This For examine how AI plays a role in This TEFL Methodology learning.

Materials and Methods. The techniques used is literature review with analysis using PRISMA. Keywords used "artificial intelligence" and "English language learning" were searched in WOS, and 69 articles were obtained. Next restricted only open access and obtained 30 articles.

Results. This reviewed based on contents with read abstract and it turns out only 25 matching articles left with theme. Based on analysis conducted it turns out this AI has help good lecturer and student in Study teaches TEFL Methodology and has accepted by society academic. AI helps in understanding reading, vocabulary, grammar correction, writing correction, searching literature or in a way direct give bait back. Many things positive has achieved with learning utilization of AI based on studies literature confirmed. However thus there is also an issue negative about ethics, privacy and fear to dependence in long term that will turn off creativity.

Conclusions. AI has capable of facilitate student in TEFL Methodology learning that targets skills, reading, writing, listening, and communicating. AI can push TEFL Methodology learning in transformative and adaptive especially those related to with approaches collaborative that prioritizes interaction dynamic in practice

Training According To Pro-Split System And Its Effect On Some Biochemical Indicators, Maximum Strength, And Clean And Jerk Performance For Advanced Weightlifters

Wissam Yasseen Burhan — 2026-01-25

This study aimed to identify the changes caused by Pro-Split training in certain biochemical indicators, maximum strength, and clean and jerk performance among advanced weightlifters. The researchers employed an experimental design with two equivalent groups using pre- and post-testing. The study population consisted of ten advanced weightlifters from Al-Rafidain Sports Club. After ensuring homogeneity and equivalence of variables to eliminate any external influence on the independent variable, the participants were divided into two groups: a control group and an experimental group of five weightlifters each. The researchers then implemented the Pro-Split training system to observe its effects on biochemical indicators, maximum strength, and clean and jerk performance. The training program lasted eight weeks, with three training sessions per week. The most significant finding was that Pro-Split training targeted the muscles from all angles and aspects, thereby enhancing coordination and synergy among the muscles involved in the exercise.The study concluded that Pro-Split training targeted the muscles from all angles and aspects, leading to improved coordination and synergy among the muscles involved in the exercise.

The Effect of General Strength Exercises by Repetition Method on Developing Passing and Shooting Skills in Youth Football

Isam mansoor Mohin alhameed — 2026-01-25

This study aimed to identify the changes caused by Pro-Split training in certain The importance of this research lies in utilizing general strength exercises with a repetition method, based on scientifically studied foundations, to develop passing and shooting skills in youth football players, and to overcome the existing weaknesses in these skills, serving the future development of the game. The research problem is the significant deficiency in passing and shooting skills among youth players. Through the researcher’s experience, a lack of performance in these skills was observed, along with a lack of focus by some coaches on essential elements for youth players, including general muscular abilities, which are a crucial foundation for developing basic skills. Therefore, the researcher aimed to address this issue by designing general strength exercises with a repetition method to enhance these skills.The research objectives were:To prepare general strength exercises using the repetition method to develop passing and shooting skills in youth football players.To identify the statistical differences between pre-test and post-test results for the sample in passing and shooting skills The experimental method with a one-group design was used. The sample consisted of 20 youth football players (ages 14–16) from Al-Nasiriya Club in Dhi Qar Governorate. Key conclusions: The general strength exercises with a repetition method, designed by the researcher, contributed to the development of passing and shooting skills among youth football players.

Relation Between Cognitive Load and Achievement Level in Some Theoretical Subjects For Third Stage Students in Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences at College of Basic Education

Ahmed Hisham Ahmed Al-Hilaly — 2026-01-26

Objectives. This study aimed to examine the relationships between intrinsic (inner) and extraneous (external) cognitive load and academic achievement in selected theoretical courses—Rehabilitation of Athletic Trauma and Principles of Scientific Research—among third-year students in the Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, College of Basic Education, University of Mosul.

Materials and Methods. A descriptive correlational design was used. The sample consisted of 52 third-year students (22 females and 30 males) drawn from a population of 76 students (72%) using total sampling. Data were collected using a cognitive load questionnaire adapted from Al-Badawi (2014), containing 30 items: 15 items measuring intrinsic cognitive load and 15 items measuring extraneous cognitive load. Responses were recorded on a three-option format (Yes, Relatively, No) with graded scoring. Academic achievement was represented by students’ course attainment in the two specified theoretical subjects. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics (mean and standard deviation) and correlation analysis to determine relationships between cognitive load dimensions and academic achievement.

Results. The findings indicated a positive relationship between intrinsic (inner) cognitive load and academic achievement among the sampled students. In contrast, extraneous (external) cognitive load showed a negative relationship with academic achievement in the same sample.

Conclusions. Intrinsic cognitive load appears to be associated with better academic attainment, whereas higher extraneous cognitive load is linked to lower attainment in theoretical coursework. These results suggest that instructional strategies should minimize extraneous cognitive load (e.g., reducing irrelevant information and improving clarity of materials) while appropriately managing intrinsic cognitive load through structured sequencing and learning support.

Relationship Of Cognitive Speed On Scoring Accuracy From Stability In Football Young Players

Hussain Suhail Mathkor Khallati — 2026-01-26

The study aimed to identify contribution of perceptual speed to accuracy Goal scoring in football is consistent among a sample of young players. The researcher used descriptive method, and the research sample consisted of 25 young players from a group of 30, all players from Al-Minaa Club in Basra Governorate were selected purposively. Perceptual speed is below required level during scoring, it negatively affects players, which is reflected in player’s performance level, perception may be related to accuracy of scoring from a stationary position in football and contribute significantly to improving level of offensive skills performance among young players. Results show differences in standard deviations of two variables perceptual speed is necessary for young players to perform skill of shooting accuracy in football, player needs tactics and to see what opponent is doing during shooting, and this depends on player's speed of perceiving stimuli surrounding. Because no matter how complete and effective shooting is at a high level of skill performance, still needs perceptual speed, as calculated value of (T) is 3.82. When comparing it to tabulated value, which is 2.06, we notice that calculated value of (T) is greater than tabulated value, and this indicates its significance. Conclusions was that perceptual speed contributed well to the accuracy of stationary shooting in football among young players, also concluded that it is important to consider perceptual speed in improving stationary shooting accuracy in football for young players, and indeed in various sports as well. Recommendation is to adopt current research cognitive speed in various research and studies due to its very high validity and reliability.

Impact Of An Online Educational And Guidance Approach On Adaptive Behavior Among Students Of Wasit Education Directorate Athletics Team

Ali Muayyad Yahya Hamad — 2026-01-26

Tujuan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah permainan olahraga bola besar melalui metode positive youth development dapat di implementasikan, juga mengukur seberapa banyak potensi yang dimiliki oleh setiap siswa dalam bidang olahraga melalui permainan olahraga bola besar di SMPN 2 Banyuresmi Garut. Para siswa akan diberikan treatment guna untuk meningkatkan potensi yang ada dalam diri mereka.

Materi dan Metode. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian eksperimen dengan desaign one group pretest and posttest. Sampel penelitian yang digunakan adalah siswa SMPN 2 Banyuresmi kelas VIII sebanyak 75 siswa. Intrumen tes yang digunakan adalah dengan pengisian angket berupa butiran pertanyaan yang sudah disusun sebelumnya. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji prasyarat, yaitu dengan rumus Kolmogorov-sminov test untuk menguji normalitas, homogenitas, dan uji-t untuk pengujian hipotesis pada taraf <0,05 (5%).

Hasil. Hasil penelitian dari kuisioner yang telah dilakukan menunjukan bahwa didapatkan nya peningkatan potensi yang cukup signifikan dengan metode positive youth development pada siswa SMPN 2 Banyuresmi Kelas VIII, dengan nilai t-hitung 3,499 > t-tabel (1,729) df 21, dan nilai sig. (0,03) < 0,05 dengan nilai rata-rata 18,8636.

Simpulan. Hasil data menunjukkan bahwa terdapat peningkatan potensi dalam peningkatan dalam strategi belajar dengan bola besar melalui positive youth development. Yang mana hal ini bisa diartikan bahwa implementasi permainan bola besar pada mata pelajaran pjok dapat diterapkan untuk meningkatkan kualitas minat serta bakat siswa dalam pembelajaran pjok. Yang mana hal ini bisa diartikan bahwa metode Latihan permainan olahraga bola besar dalam pembelajaran olahraga melalui metode positive youth development siswa SMPN 2 Banyuresmi Garut dapat diterapkan untuk meningkatkan potensi individu siswa dalam kemampuan nya secara terperinci.

An Analytical Study Of The Reality Of Educational And Psychological Guidance In Distinguished Schools In Babylon Governorate From The Student's Point Of View

Marwah Ali Hamzah — 2025-12-18

Purpose of this paper is to develop a questionnaire to identify reality of psychological and educational counseling in schools for gifted students in Babylon Governorate, and to identify reality of psychological and educational counseling in these schools from students' perspective. The researcher adopted descriptive-analytical method, as it is suitable for purposes of this study. research community was defined as students of Gifted Students School in Babylon Governorate for academic year 2024-2025, totaling (751) students. A random sample of (170) students, representing 22.636% of research community, was selected by lottery. The researcher administered questionnaire in its final form, consisting of (25) paragraphs, to 170 students in study sample between December 20, 2024, and December 25, 2024. Questionnaires were then collected, and data from sample's responses was compiled and statistically analyzed. most important conclusions reached were that psychological counselors in Gifted Students Schools in Babylon possess strong interpersonal skills and ability to build positive relationships with colleagues and students. Furthermore, psychological counselors in Gifted Students Schools in Babylon demonstrate high professional competence and possess interpersonal skills that qualify them to be distinguished counselors. There is also a high demand among students for consultations with psychological counselors at school.

Leadership Personality Traits Of Football Players In First And Second Division Clubs In Kirkuk Governorate

Ahmed Jalal Ibrahim — 2026-01-31

The current study aimed to guide selection of leadership players, standardize leadership personality scale for football players, and establish standardized scores and levels for leadership personality scale for study sample. Importance of this research lies in developing a tool to measure leadership personality for selecting players with leadership qualities, rather than relying on subjective experiences, which may be inaccurate. The study seeks to assist coaches in identifying most suitable players to assume role of team captain. Many teams faced with high-level competition, become disjointed and their play becomes irregular due to absence of a leading player who can control and guide their teammates' actions, preventing opposing team from exploiting team's imbalance and turning tide of match in their favor. The researcher used a descriptive approach, specifically a survey study, as it was suitable for the study's characteristics. The research sample included players of Salah Al-Din Governorate clubs who represent the first and second division clubs for season 2024-2025. Number of players included in research reached 133 players. The researcher selected his research samples according to requirements of scale's procedures and standardization. The researcher concluded that application of leadership personality scale for football players came results were similar in terms of validity, reliability, and objectivity, with the scale scores being normally distributed across norm-building sample. Percentile rank criteria were then derived, establishing two levels of leadership qualities in football players leadership and non-leadership. The researcher recommends adopting this scale for identifying leadership qualities in football players, as it adheres to sound scientific principles and serves as a guide for interacting with players based on a precise understanding of their personality traits. Coaches can use this leadership trait scale to identify players' leadership qualities and leverage their potential by assigning them leadership roles both on and off field.

Objectives Of Physical Education And Sport Sciences And Their Development Across Different Historical Stages During The Period (1900–2025)

Mohammed Qasim Mohammed — 2026-01-31

This research aimed to identify the development of the objectives of physical education and sport sciences across different historical stages during the period (1900–2025), and to analyze the educational, health, social, and scientific factors that contributed to the reformulation of these objectives. The research adopted the historical analytical method through the analysis of documents and international charters, educational standards, and relevant Arabic and foreign scientific studies. The results of the research showed that the objectives of physical education in the first half of the twentieth century focused on physical preparation, discipline, and readiness, influenced by the conditions of wars and political transformations. By the mid-twentieth century, the objectives shifted toward health-related fitness, and the role of measurement, evaluation, and sport sciences emerged in supporting the formulation of more precise and assessable objectives. In the period (2000–2025), physical education witnessed a qualitative transformation toward adopting the concept of quality physical education, inclusion, and the right to participation, and linking objectives to public health and lifelong physical activity, with the utilization of technology and scientific research in teaching and evaluation. The research concluded that the development of the objectives of physical education and sport sciences is a cumulative development that reflects societal and scientific transformations, and that the contemporary objective has become multidimensional, combining health, educational quality, equity in participation, and evidence-based assessment. The research recommended the necessity of developing physical education curricula in line with modern health guidelines, enhancing teacher preparation, and employing technology in an educationally equitable manner, in a way that contributes to improving quality of life and building a more active and healthy society.

The Effect Of Mental Simulation Strategy On Implicit Intelligence And Learning The Apparent Kinesthetic Form Of Several Types Of Passing And Serving Skills In Volleyball

Ali Fattah Rashid — 2026-01-30

Abstrak: Survei Tingkat Kebugaran Jasmani Siswa Suku Marind, Asmat dan Muyu pada
Siswa SMA Kolese Pendidikan Guru Tahun Ajaran 2017/2018. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk
mengetahui tingkat kebugaran jasmani siswa putra suku Marind, Asmat dan Muyu SMA
Kolese Pendidikan Guru Khas Papua Kabupaten Merauke Tahun ajaran 2017/2018. Sampel
penelitian diambil pada SMA KPG Khas Papua Merauke dikarenakan siswa di sekolah
tersebut didominasi oleh 3 suku tersebut. Subjek penelitian ini adalah siswa putra suku
Marind, Asmat dan Muyu SMA Kolese Pendidikan Guru Khas Papua Kabupaten Merauke
sebanyak 60 orang yang terdiri dari kelompok suku Marind 20 orang, kelompok suku Asmat
20 orang dan suku Muyu 20 orang. Instrumen yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah tes
kebugaran jasmani Indonesia (TKJI) 2010. Hasilnya, didapatkan bahwa kelompok siswa
Marind memiliki nilai rata-rata tingkat kebugaran jasmani 16,35 dengan kategori sedang,
kelompok siswa suku Asmat memiliki nilai rata-rata 15,05 dengan kategori sedang, dan
kelompok siswa suku Muyu memiliki nilai rata-rata tingkat kebugaran jasmani 15,90 dengan
kategori sedang. Kesimpulannya, kelompok siswa suku Marind memiliki tingkat kebugaran
jasmani lebih baik dari suku Asmat dan Muyu, sementara kelompok siswa suku Muyu lebih
baik dari kelompok siswa suku Asmat. Siswa suku Marind mendominasi tes kekuatan, siswa
suku Asmat mendominasi Kekuatan lengan atau tungkai atas sementara siswa suku Muyu
mendominasi Kecepatan. (Abstract).
Kata Kunci: Tingkat kebugaran, siswa Papua

Sport Education Model and Sixth-Grade Students’ Empowerment and Self-Confidence: A Quasi-Experimental Study at SD Negeri 84 Mangarabombang, Indonesia

M. Said Zainuddin — 2026-01-30

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of the Sport Education model compared to Traditional Teaching in enhancing psychological empowerment and self-confidence among sixth-grade students at SD Negeri No. 84 Mangarabombang , East Sinjai , South Sulawesi. The research sought to determine whether Sport Education could foster stronger affective outcomes in primary school physical education and to provide empirical support for more student-centered pedagogical practices. A quasi-experimental pretest– posttest design with a control group was employed, involving 35 students who were assigned to either a Sport Education group or a Traditional Teaching group and participated in physical education lessons over an eight-week period (1,080 minutes in total). Psychological empowerment was measured using the Psychological Empowerment Instrument, encompassing the dimensions of meaning, competence, self-determination, and impact, while self-confidence was assessed using the self-confidence subscale of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. The data were analyzed using non-parametric statistics (Mann–Whitney U and Wilcoxon Signed-Rank tests) with effect sizes calculated to assess the magnitude of change. The findings revealed that only the Sport Education group showed significant improvements in both psychological empowerment and self-confidence, with large effect sizes, whereas the Traditional Teaching group showed no significant gains and even slight decreases in both variables. Between-group comparisons at posttest confirmed that students in the Sport Education condition reported significantly higher levels of empowerment and self-confidence than those in the Traditional Teaching condition. These results indicate that the Sport Education model is a more effective curricular approach for promoting psychological empowerment and self-confidence in primary school physical education and supports its broader implementation, accompanied by appropriate teacher training and sufficient instructional time.

Evaluation of the STOK Bina Guna Football Student Activity Unit (UKM) Development Program

Eka Abdurrahman — 2026-02-08

Objectives. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the coaching program of the STOK Bina Guna Football Student Activity Unit. The STOK Bina Guna Football Student Activity Unit is one of the organizations that organizes the football coaching process in Samarinda. The coaching process is determined, among other things, by training programs developed by coaches. Other factors that also determine achievement are organizational elements, aspects of coaches, athletes, supporting facilities and infrastructure, supporting funding, and also participation and support from the community and government. The declining performance of the STOK Bina Guna Football Student Activity Unit became the basis for the researcher to conduct this research.

Materials and Methods. The research method used was descriptive qualitative. The approach used in this study was the CIPP model. Data collection techniques included observation, interviews, and documentation with administrators, coaches, athletes, and parents.

Results. The research results concluded: 1) Context was concluded with a good category. 2) Input regarding the aspect of human resource availability was concluded with a good category. For the aspect of the availability of facilities and infrastructure was concluded with a good category and funding sources were concluded with a good category. 3) Process regarding the aspect of training program implementation, athlete recruitment system and coordination was concluded with a good category while the aspect of the coach recruitment system and the use of facilities and infrastructure was concluded with a moderate category. 4) Product regarding the aspect of achievement and welfare was concluded with a moderate category.

Conclusions. The coaching program carried out by the STOK Bina Guna Football UKM has not been implemented well, from several aspects that are used as indicators for evaluating the coaching program, it is in the moderate and less than adequate categories.

Fitness Level Survey Of Futsal Referees In Medan City And Deli Serdang Regency 2025

Dicky Hendrawan — 2026-02-08

Objectives. The purpose of this study is to determine the fitness level of futsal referees in Medan City and Deli Serdang Regency in 2025 using quantitative methods and data collection techniques using a survey method on the physical fitness conditions of futsal referees in Medan City and Deli Serdang Regency in 2025.

Materials and Methods. The survey method is used to obtain data from specific, natural (not artificial) locations. However, this study conducted data collection, for example, distributing questionnaires, conducting tests, and conducting structured interviews (the treatment is not the same as an experiment). This study was conducted to review the physical fitness of futsal referees in Medan City and Deli Serdang Regency in 2025.

Results. The analysis results show that 2 referees (6.7%) had cardiorespiratory fitness levels classified as very poor, 3 (10%), 16 (53.3%), 3 (10%), and 6 (20%) were classified as very good.

Conclusions. From the data above, it can be concluded that the fitness level of referees in Medan City and Deli Serdang Regency will be in the fairly good category in 2025.

Glycemic Response And Cumulative Glucose After High Intensity Aerobic And Anaerobic Exercise In Athletes And Non-Athletes

Shatha Hazim Gorgees Hana — 2026-02-08

Aim of current study Know response of blood sugar level and accumulative sugar after high intense aerobic and anaerobic exercises for practioners and non practioners -know differences between pre-post tests in blood sugar level and accumulative sugar after high intense aerobic and abaerobic exercises for practioners and non practioners Researcher hypothesized existence of morally significant differences in blood sugar level and accumulative sugar after high intense aerobic and abaerobic exercises for practioners and non practioners, existence of morally significant differences between pre-post tests in blood sugar level and accumulative sugar after high intense aerobic and abaerobic exercises for practioners and non practioners. Sample were (17) students who are enrolled in athletic activities and a similar number of non practioners who spend most time sitting from departments of geography and history both samples were chosen intentionally. Researcher used the following statistical tools means, standard deviation, t-test for irrelated samples , variance factor. Conclusions high intensity aerobic exercise (Bruce) and anaerobic one cause a moral variance in each of the following variables : number of breathing , heart beats , shrinking blood pressure, recess blood pressure, blood sugar. Both exercises didn't make moral variance in accumulative blood sugar.

Impact of a Motor Learning-Based Training Program on Selected Physical Qualities and Jump-Shot Accuracy Among Beginner Players in the Olympic Champion Project

M. Khtim Adas Kazim Al-Shuwaili — 2026-02-08

This study examined the effect of a training program designed according to motor learning principles on selected physical qualities and jump-shot accuracy among beginner players of the Olympic Champion Project. A one-group pretest-posttest experimental design was used. The research population consisted of 30 beginner players; 20 players were randomly selected as the main sample (66.66%), and 6 players were included in a pilot sample (13.33%). The program was implemented for 8 weeks with three training units per week, with 45-50 minutes per unit. Outcome measures included muscular strength (60-second repetitions), 30-m sprint speed, agility (zigzag run), and jump-shot accuracy (10 attempts, best 8 scored). Paired-sample t-tests showed significant improvements from pretest to posttest in muscular strength (t=5.13; p=0.00), 30-m speed (t=4.44; p=0.00), agility (t=3.88; p=0.00), and shooting accuracy (t=9.14; p=0.00). The findings indicate that a motor learning-based training program can improve physical qualities and jump-shot accuracy among beginner players.

The Effect Of Resistance Training Using The Vertimax Method On Developing Explosive Leg Power And Accuracy In The Volleyball Spike For Young Players

Ali Ammar Yasser — 2026-02-08

The importance of this research lies in the researcher's attempt to use resistance training with the Vertimax method to develop explosive leg power, in addition to achieving accuracy in performance by reaching the highest possible height to hit the ball, thus achieving better performance in the game. Volleyball: The research problem stems from monitoring the developments in volleyball in general, and the development of the spiking skill in particular at the local level, given its impact on match results. Researchers observed that the technical level of this skill is not consistent. With the advancements in sports training and volleyball, and the significant weakness and inconsistency among players in the accuracy of their spikes, researchers have sought to utilize resistance training with the Vertimax method to develop explosive power. The research aimed to develop resistance training using the Vertimax method to improve leg explosive power and volleyball spiking accuracy, and to identify statistical differences between pre- and post-tests of strength. The explosiveness and accuracy of the volleyball smashing skill, and the researchers used the experimental method in the single group style to suit the nature of the problem in order to obtain accurate information and results. The experimental method is one of the most efficient means of reaching reliable knowledge. The research population consisted of (16) players from the Akkad Sports Club, from which (10) players were selected to represent the research sample, constituting (62.50%) of the population. One of the most important conclusions was that resistance training using the Vertimax method had a significant impact on development. The explosive power of the two men in the research group is such that these exercises work to develop the ability.

Role Of Management Information Systems In Decision-Making Effectiveness Among Departments Ministry Of Youth And Sports And Schools Directors From Employees Perspective

Ghazwan Azeez Mohsen — 2026-02-08

This study aimed to identify level of implementation of management information systems (MIS) in departments of Ministry of Youth and Sports and School Activities from perspective of its employees. Study scope was as follows Human scope employees in departments of Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports; Temporal scope from April 9, 2025, to June 11, 2025; Spatial scope offices of employees in departments of Ministry of Youth and Sports. The researchers defined their population as all employees in departments of Iraqi Ministry of Youth and Sports, totaling 530 employees distributed across 10 departments. A 50% sample was selected, resulting in a research sample of 265 employees. Sample was selected using simple random sampling and then divided into three main subgroups. The researchers recommended necessity of developing MIS in departments of Ministry of Youth and Sports to ensure data accuracy, timeliness, and integration across different departments. They also recommended focusing on simplifying technical and organizational procedures to facilitate employees' access to information in a timely manner and in accordance with nature of their tasks and responsibilities. Enhancing managers' reliance on management information systems (MIS) outputs when making decisions, and reducing decisions based on personal judgment unsupported by data. Organizing training courses for employees and administrators on how to use MIS effectively to support decision-making process.

An Evaluative Study of the Physical Condition and Anxiety Level of Squash Athletes in South Sulawesi Post-BK PON XXI Aceh-Sumut.

Irvan — 2026-02-11

This study aims to evaluate the physical condition and anxiety levels of South Sulawesi squash athletes after participating in the Qualifying Round of the National Sports Week (BK PON XXI Aceh–North Sumatra). The study used a mixed methods approach involving all eight South Sulawesi squash athletes. Quantitative data were obtained through physical condition tests including VO₂max (Cooper test), squat jump, push-up, sit and reach, and wall ball test, as well as measuring anxiety levels using the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) instrument. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with athletes and coaches. The results showed that aerobic endurance and muscle strength were in the good category, while flexibility and leg power were in the adequate category. Anxiety levels showed high cognitive anxiety, moderate–high somatic anxiety, and relatively low levels of self-confidence. Statistical analysis showed a significant positive relationship between VO₂max and performance (r = 0.62; p < 0.05) and a significant negative relationship between cognitive anxiety and performance (r = −0.58; p < 0.05). Regression results showed that physical condition and anxiety levels contributed 48% to athlete performance. The study's conclusions confirm that squash athlete performance is influenced by both physical and psychological factors, necessitating a systematic integration of physical and mental training.

The Most Common Injuries Among Handball Players In Iraqi Premier League Of 2024-2025 Season

Emad Abbas Hussein — 2026-02-12

This study aimed to identify the most common types of injuries among handball players in Iraqi Premier League, and to determine body areas most prone to injury among handball players. The researcher used descriptive method and survey approach, as they were suitable for nature of research. Research population consisted of 60 players from Iraqi Premier League, Northern Group, according to records of Iraqi Handball Federation for 2024-2025 season. Research sample was selected from Players of Iraqi Premier Handball League, which are clubs (Kiwan, Salah Al-Din, Koya, Phosphate) The sample consisted of 60 players, and it was confirmed that players were registered in Federation's records of 2024-2025 season. Distributed Sample on Clubs as The following: 16 players from Salah Al-Din Club, 15 from Koya Club, 14 from Kiwan Club, and 15 from Phosphate Club. The researcher concluded that muscle injuries were the most prevalent among handball players in Iraqi Premier League, followed by ligament and tendon injuries, while nerve injuries were the least common. Thigh, knee, and foot were the most frequently injured areas among handball players in Iraqi Premier League, while head, neck, and upper arm injuries were the least common. The researcher recommended importance of proper warm-up before training and competitions, and stressed need for coaches and players to pay close attention to this. By performing warm-up correctly, you can avoid injuries from sudden movements.

The Effect Of HIIT Exercises On Speed-Strength And Some Physiological And Skill Variables In Handball Players

Baha Abdul Hussein Abd Ali — 2026-02-12

This paper examines the impacts of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on speed-strength and a variety of physiological and skill-based variables in handball players. The main objective is to determine the effectiveness of this modality of training to enhance the performance measures that are directly applicable to the sport and give empirical data that may guide coaches and experts in the development of more effective and sport-specific training programs. The research question will be in the following form: What would be the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on improving speed-strength and other physiological and skill-related parameters in handball players? The study objectives were to construct HIIT exercises that were specifically aimed at enhancing the speed -strength and other physiological and skills-based traits relevant to handball. The general objective was to determine the impact of HIIT on these parameters. A quantitative experimental research design was selected, which included an experimental group, and a control group which was considered the best way of tackling the research problem. The sample was comprised of 16 participants who were members of the handball team of Maysan Education Directorate. The total population was divided into a random sample of 12 players, six players were selected in each study group; experimental and control group. Two players were also not included in the study due to being goalkeepers and two other players were dropped out of the experimental group. Statistical tests were done by means of SPSS 26. The results show that the applied HIIT programmed improved the speed-strength of the participants that signifies increased efficiency of the fast-twitch muscle fibers. In addition, the training intervention programs produced a tremendous gain in maximal aerobic capacity (VO₂ MAX), thus enhancing the athletes to maintain intense and repetitive workload in the competition. The recommendations of these results are that HIIT should be included in the physical preparation programs of handball practitioners, and a keen focus on increment of levels of intensity and duration is required to suit the requirements of the sport. Slow progression of this nature is necessary to ensure physiological adaptation with minimal risk of fatigue or injury.

The Effect of the Fair Inquiry Strategy on Some Ground Movement Skills in Artistic Gymnastics for Students

Ameen Atta Hassan — 2026-02-12

The importance of this research lies in helping students develop their skills in some floor exercises in gymnastics by using modern teaching strategies. The research aimed to identify the effect of the fair inquiry strategy on some floor exercise skills in artistic gymnastics for students. The researcher used the experimental research method as it was compatible with solving the problem to be investigated. He used an equivalent experimental and control group design. The research community was represented by second-year students in the College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences/University of Wasit for the academic year (2024-2025), numbering (110) students distributed among (5) classes, each consisting of (22) students: (A, B, C, D, E). Class (B) was selected by lottery as an experimental group, and Class (D) as a control group. The researcher concluded that the fair inquiry strategy led to the development of some floor exercise skills in artistic gymnastics for students.

Emotional Intelligence And Its Relationship To Strength Personality Among Postgraduate (Master's) Students At Wasit University

Hiba Salah Abdulmuhsen Mohamed — 2026-02-12

Importance of the current study emerged as it stems from importance of its subject, as it attempts to identify level of emotional intelligence and personality strength among research sample, as well as to identify relationship between emotional intelligence and personality strength among postgraduate students (Master's level) at College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences - Wasit University. The researchers assumed a positive correlation between emotional intelligence and personality strength among postgraduate students (Master's level) at College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences. As for research methodology, the researchers followed descriptive approach with survey method because it is suitable for nature of problem. Research population was determined purposively, and it consists of postgraduate students (Master’s) at College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences Wasit University for academic year 2025-2026, which amounts to 34 male and female students. Research sample was selected purposively and it consisted of 21 male students after 13 female students were excluded so that sample would be only males, and two students were excluded for pilot study. Research sample constituted 61.76 % of research population. The researchers conducted main experiment by applying specified measures on Monday, May 11, 2020, by distributing an electronic questionnaire to all administrative staff of College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences via social media. After collecting data for research sample, the researchers statistically analyzed it using SPSS statistical package. Following conclusions were reached: Research sample, consisting of Master's students at College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, University of Wasit, possesses a balanced personality strength, not an exceptionally strong one. Research sample exhibits high emotional intelligence, and there is a strong correlation between emotional intelligence and personality strength within research sample.

Cognitive-Neuro-Modeling Of Motor Learning Processes And Its Impact On Improving Skill Performance In Volleyball

Alaa Hashim Ahmed — 2026-01-31

This study aimed to investigate effect of a program based on cognitive-neural modeling of motor learning processes on improving skill performance of volleyball players. It also analyzed role of cognitive-neural variables specifically, reaction time, executive control, and working memory as mediating mechanisms explaining this improvement. The researcher used an experimental design with two groups experimental and control and pre- and post-testing. Study sample consisted of 40 players from Faculty of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, who were randomly assigned to two equivalent groups. Experimental group underwent an eight-week cognitive-neural training program, with three training sessions per week, while control group continued its traditional training program. A range of skill and cognitive tests were used, including volleyball skill performance effectiveness test, response time test, Stroop test for executive control, and working memory test 2-back. Data were statistically analyzed using SPSS software through Shapiro-wilk test to verify normality of distribution, mixed ANOVA , and Cohen's effect size calculation, in addition to regression modeling to interpret causal relationships between cognitive-neural variables and skill performance. Results showed statistically significant differences favoring experimental group in all studied variables, with large effect sizes. Regression modeling revealed that cognitive neuropsychological variables explained a large proportion of variance in skill performance effectiveness. Recommend to adopt training programs based on cognitive-neuropsychological principles in volleyball education and training, given their clear impact on improving motor learning efficiency and competitive performance.

Impact Of Skill Training To Develop Coordination And Some Offensive Skills Ending With Shooting Among Youth Basketball

Zahid Hasan Atiyah — 2026-01-31

Primary responsibility of a basketball coach is to maintain a dynamic connection between a player's skill performance and specific vocabulary of game, including required skills and precise movements, to reach a high level. This study aims to identify impact of skill training on developing basketball coordination and its effect on improving specific offensive skills culminating in basketball shooting. researchers defined research community as Hilla Sports Club, specifically youth category. participants, numbering (16) players, were classified into two groups: a control and an experimental which consisting of (8) players for each one. Researchers used an experimental method with two groups, employing a pre-test followed by application of training program, and then a post-test. This was achieved through presentation and analysis. results show differences in performance of the research sample. Researchers attributes these differences to effectiveness of specific physical and skill-based exercises implemented by coach and support staff on participants. Study concluded that skill-based training improves coordination and shooting accuracy among young basketball players, enhances long-range shooting accuracy with jump shots, and develops offensive shooting skills among young basketball players. researchers recommend widespread adoption of specialized training programs that prioritize physical conditioning before skill-based exercises, practical application of skill-based training in various sporting events for young basketball players to improve their shooting skills.

The Relationship Between Sunk Costs From The Perspective Of Young Players And Administrative Negotiation Among Youth Football Coaches (Category B)

M. M. Maytham Muzal Bahidh — 2026-02-18

Objectives. This study aimed to (1) identify sunk costs of Category (B) coaches from the perspective of young players, (2) identify administrative negotiation practices among Category (B) youth football coaches, and (3) examine the relationship between sunk costs and administrative negotiation.

Materials and Methods. A descriptive correlational design was employed. The sample comprised 70 Category (B) football coaches from selected southern governorates, recruited through purposive sampling. Data were collected using two instruments: the Sunk Cost Fallacy Scale (25 items across 5 axes) and the Administrative Negotiation Scale (24 items across 4 axes).

Results. Pearson correlation analysis showed a strong positive relationship between administrative negotiation and sunk cost fallacy (r = 0.832, p < 0.05).

Conclusions. Strengthening administrative negotiation is associated with better management of sunk costs in youth football coaching contexts. Federations and clubs may reduce ineffective investment decisions by setting negotiation conditions and monitoring coaching outcomes systematically.

Impact of Circuit Training on Front Kick Accuracy in PSHT Students at Undana and STIM Commissariats, Kupang (NTT)

Kornelia K. Ola Tanaboleng — 2026-02-19

Objectives. This study aimed to examine the effect of circuit-based accuracy training on front kick accuracy among pencak silat athletes (PSHT) in Kupang, NTT.

Materials and Methods. A one-group pre-test–post-test experimental design was applied. Thirty students (n = 30) were selected from a population of 33 across two PSHT branches (Undana and STIM Commissariats). Front kick accuracy was measured using a zoned target board with 20 kick attempts per participant. The intervention was implemented for two weeks, using 3–4 sets per session and a work duration of 30–45 seconds at each station. Data were analyzed using a paired-sample t-test with a significance level of p < 0.05.

Results. Pre-test scores mostly fell within the moderate to good categories (28–36 points). After the intervention, post-test scores increased to 37–47 points, with all participants reaching the good to very good categories. The paired-sample t-test indicated a statistically significant improvement in front kick accuracy after the circuit-based training (p < 0.05).

Conclusions. Circuit-based accuracy training effectively improves front kick accuracy in pencak silat athletes and may be recommended as part of technical training programs in martial arts. However, the findings are limited by the small sample and the inclusion of only two PSHT branches, which may reduce generalizability due to differences in coaching, facilities, and athlete backgrounds. Future research should involve larger and more diverse samples, longer intervention durations, and additional biomechanical or kinematic measurements to clarify the mechanisms underlying accuracy improvements.

Effects of a Proposed Training Program to Develop Core, Arm, and Leg Muscle Strength on Middle-Distance Swimmers’ Time Performance

Maan Hasan Mahmood — 2026-01-31

Objectives. This study examines whether a targeted strength program for the core, arms, and legs can improve middle-distance swimming performance time. Specifically, it evaluates changes in (1) core strength, (2) arm strength, (3) leg strength, and (4) overall time performance in youth middle-distance swimmers.

Materials and Methods. An experimental method with a pre-test–post-test control group design was used. Participants were 45 youth-category swimmers, randomly selected from several sports groups in Kirkuk Governorate. They were divided into an experimental group and a control group. The experimental group followed a specialized, integrated strength program focusing on the core, arms, and legs, while the control group continued with regular training.

Results. Swimmers who completed the specialized strength exercises showed better time performance than those who only followed the usual training. Post-test comparisons also indicated a statistically significant advantage for the experimental group across all measured variables.

Conclusions. It summarizes and wraps up the ideas, presenting the key findings and insights derived from your study. It should include a concise summary of the main points discussed in the paper, including the research objectives, methodology, and results.

Effect Of An Educational Program Using Lift-Movement Theory On Breaststroke Learning Level Of Children Aged (10-12) Years

Saleh Nayef Abdulhaleem — 2026-01-31

The current study aimed to investigate effectiveness of an educational program based on lift-action theory in improving breaststroke skill of children aged 10–12 years, based on assumption that gradually reducing motor load in early stages of learning contributes to building more precise and stable motor patterns. The researcher adopted an experimental approach with a single-group pre- and post-test design, given the nature of educational environment at Maarif Academy in Baghdad. The sample consisted of 27 children who had never received formal breaststroke instruction. The program lasted 8 weeks, with 3 sessions per week, each session lasting 60 minutes. It included progressive stages starting with partial motor support and ending with full independent performance. Skill performance was measured using a standardized technical assessment form, in addition to a time test for completing 25m breaststroke. Results showed statistically significant differences at level of α ≤ 0.05 in favor of post-test in skill performance t = 12.84. Completion time t = 9.73 and effect size Cohen's d were high, indicating a strong impact of the program. Results suggest that applying modern motor learning principles, as described by Schmidt & Lee (2019) and Magill & Anderson (2017), contributes to improving motor learning efficiency in aquatic environments. The study recommends adopting the proposed educational model in children's swimming programs.

A Comparative Study Of Some Physical Attributes Among Different Playing Positions Of Football Players

Salah Mohammed Shaddoud — 2026-01-31

Football is a diverse game that requires players to have multiple physical abilities, physical characteristics, and skills that are closely linked to each other to achieve excellence. The preparation of players and the improvement of their technical, physical, and tactical-psychological levels are the primary goals for which training programs are built and tests are conducted. However, the question remains as to which physical attribute is more available than others for this success. Therefore, the choice was made to focus on two important physical attributes in the game, namely speed-strength and agility. The importance of the research lies in revealing which of the different playing positions in football possess one of these two attributes more than others. The problem of the research is that the researcher observed through his field experience that all team players are subjected to the same physical exercises without distinguishing between one position and another in football. Since each playing position has specific characteristics and physical attributes to a certain degree that players must possess, the problem of the research lies in determining which of the different playing positions in football requires speed-strength and agility more than others.The objectives of the research are to identify the level of speed-strength among Al-Nasiriya Club football players, to identify the level of agility among Al-Nasiriya Club football players, to identify the differences between different playing positions in football in terms of speed-strength among Al-Nasiriya Club football players, and to identify the differences between different playing positions in terms of agility among Al-Nasiriya Club football players. The researcher used the descriptive approach, which is suitable for the nature of the research problem. The sample was chosen intentionally from Al-Nasiriya Club football players. The researcher used a set of necessary devices and tools to help obtain the required results to achieve the objectives and hypotheses of the research, in addition to relying on appropriate statistical means to process the results obtained.

Coach Strategies to Enhance Athletes’ Psychological Readiness for Competition

Ince Abdul Muhaemin — 2026-01-31

Objectives. This study examined whether structured coaching strategies can improve athletes’ psychological readiness for competition. Psychological readiness—such as self-confidence, emotional control, concentration, and the ability to manage anxiety—is widely seen as an important factor that supports competitive performance.

Materials and Methods. A quasi-experimental pretest–posttest control group design was used. Forty competitive athletes (16–20 years old) were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 20) or a control group (n = 20). The intervention was a six-week psychological coaching program that included goal setting, imagery practice, positive self-talk, and pre-competition routines. Psychological readiness was assessed using the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2) and a validated Psychological Readiness Scale. Data were analyzed with paired and independent sample t-tests, and the effect size was reported using Cohen’s d.

Results. Athletes in the intervention group showed a clear improvement in overall psychological readiness after the program (p < 0.01). They also reported lower cognitive and somatic anxiety, along with higher self-confidence. In contrast, the control group did not show meaningful changes (p > 0.05). The overall improvement in psychological readiness produced a large effect size (d = 0.89).

Conclusions. The findings indicate that structured psychological coaching strategies can meaningfully strengthen athletes’ psychological readiness for competition. Coaches are encouraged to include mental skills training as part of regular practice to support athletes’ performance in competition.

Effects of Inquiry and Cooperative Learning Models on Volleyball Smash Skills: An Experimental Study of FKIP Physical Education Students

Andi Syaiful — 2026-01-31

Objectives. This study looked at how the inquiry learning model and the cooperative learning model affect volleyball smash ability in FKIP Physical Education (Penjaskesrek) students, and which of the two gives better learning results.

Materials and Methods. The study used an experimental pretest–posttest design with two groups. A total of 40 FKIP Physical Education students took part and were split into two groups: 20 students followed the inquiry learning model and 20 students followed the cooperative learning model. Smash ability was assessed using a standardized volleyball smash test before and after the program. The intervention ran for six weeks during regular volleyball classes. Data were processed with descriptive statistics, normality and homogeneity tests, and paired as well as independent sample t-tests, using a significance level of 0.05.

Results. Both groups improved after the treatment. In the inquiry group, the mean score increased from 68.40 (pretest) to 78.75 (posttest). In the cooperative group, the mean score rose from 67.95 to 83.20. The t-test showed that the improvements in both groups were significant (p < 0.05). Even so, the cooperative group gained more overall and showed a stronger difference than the inquiry group.

Conclusions. Both inquiry and cooperative learning helped students improve their volleyball smash ability. However, cooperative learning led to better progress. The group-based practice, peer feedback, and shared roles in cooperative sessions likely made it easier for students to refine technique and reach skill mastery during training.

Effect Of Compound Training According To Training Progression In Intensity On Some Physical Abilities And High Jump Scoring Accuracy In Handball Among Young Players

Dhurgham Abd Baqir — 2026-03-04

Sports training is a structured educational process based on scientific principles, aimed at preparing athletes according to their varying levels and capabilities. It strives for continuous improvement of their physical and technical skills to achieve peak performance in their chosen activity or specialized skill. Physical conditioning is a cornerstone of this process, playing a vital role in supporting gradual development of performance in accordance with demands of game and individual differences among players. Handball is characterized by a fast pace and constant changes between defense and attack, requiring development of several physical and motor skills that influence offensive performance, particularly skill of shooting from a high jump. Through field observations by the researcher while supervising training of local teams, it became clear that most clubs focus on specific preparation phase without adopting integrated training units that combine strength, speed, skill, and endurance in a progressive and comprehensive manner. This approach fails to achieve a scientifically sound increase in training load, reduce signs of fatigue, and contribute to optimal physical and technical adaptation. research aims to identify effect of compound training based on gradual increase in training load intensity on some physical abilities and accuracy of high jump shooting skill among handball players. the researcher started from hypothesis that there are statistically significant differences between results of pre- and post-tests of research sample. To achieve study's objectives, the researcher employed an experimental approach using a single experimental group. research sample consisted of six youth handball players from Al-Shatra Club. results demonstrated that integration of physical and technical aspects contributed to improved coordination and motor skills, facilitating transfer of physical training to technical performance during shooting. Based on these findings, the researcher recommended adopting a combined training program supported by diverse training methods and progressively increasing intensity, tailored to movement patterns of high jump shooting skill.

The Effect Of Hypoxic Training On Some Blood Components And Some Biochemical Variables In Basketball Players

Omar Fadhil Omar — 2026-01-31

The aim of the research is to identify the extent of the effect of hypoxic training on some biochemical variables in the research sample, and to identify the effect of hypoxic training on some blood components in the research sample. The researcher used the experimental method to suit the nature of this research, using a one-group experimental design with a pre- and post-test. The research population and sample were chosen intentionally and were represented by the students of the Specialized Basketball School. The size of the population reached (14) players, and (8) players were chosen to represent the research sample. Thus, the percentage of the research population reached (57%). After conducting the experiment and processing the results statistically, analyzing and discussing them, the researcher concluded that hypoxic exercises have a major role in developing and increasing the proportion and number of red blood cells in the blood, and that hypoxic exercises have a clear effect in increasing the proportion of hemoglobin in the blood, and the proportion of red blood cells in the blood as a whole developed as a result of applying hypoxic exercises, which are characterized by a lack of oxygen. Hypoxic exercises have a major role in increasing the volume of red blood cells and increasing the percentage of oxygen in the blood as a result of the hypoxic exercises used in the research. In light of the previous conclusions, the researcher recommends informing the trainers of the importance of hypoxia and using their own training units, and adopting the exercises prepared by the researcher in the training and use Hypoxic to bring about skill, physical and biochemical development. The researcher recommends to conduct similar studies on different samples and different sporting events, and to conduct comparative studies between boys and girls to find out effects on any gender, to apply hypoxic training and find out its effect physically and skillfully in other research.

Decision-Making Accuracy And Its Relationship To Cognitive Achievement Of Football Law For Third-Year Students

Muhammad Jabran Abdulsahib — 2026-01-31

Accuracy of decision-making is one of mental capabilities that contributes to overcoming competitors and working to make decision quickly to avoid wasting time during performance. Psychology is an important science that deals with psychological topics, including those related to sports activity in its various fields and levels. It also examines psychological characteristics and traits of personality that form subjective basis of sports activity, with aim of developing this type of activity and trying to find scientific solutions to its various applied problems. This research aims to identifying level of decision-making accuracy, identifying level of knowledge attainment in some football law subjects, identifying relationship between decision-making accuracy and cognitive achievement in some football law subjects for third-stage students. The research population was determined purposively and consisted of 77 in third-year students in Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences at Al-Kut Private College for academic year 2024-2025. All students were selected to be research sample and the research sample constituted 100% of the research population. The researcher concluded that Students in Department of Physical Education and Sports Sciences have a high rate of quick decision-making, the students have a good level of knowledge attainment in subjects of football law, there is a direct relationship between students' decision-making and their academic achievement. The researcher recommended that conducting other measures of the speed of decision-making among the research sample, conducting a comparison between male and female students regarding their decision-making level.

The Effectiveness Of Tabata-Style Training Exercises In Improving Cardiorespiratory Fitness And Certain Physical Abilities Of Tennis Players Under 16 Years Of Age

Lubna Abdulrsool Shakir — 2026-01-31

This research aimed to identify effect of Tabata exercises on developing cardiorespiratory fitness and some physical abilities of tennis players under 16 years of age. experimental method, using a pre-test/post-test with equivalent groups, was employed as it was suitable for research problem. research population consisted of ten (10) tennis players under 16 years of age at Al-Durra Sports Club during 2025 season. research sample was selected using a census method, meaning sample represented entire research population. sample was divided into two groups (control and experimental), with five players in each group. the researcher developed Tabata exercises, which were performed during special preparation period in main part of training session, specifically at beginning of main session. training cycle for first two weeks consisted of 15 seconds of work followed by 15 seconds of rest after 8 repetitions, with a one-minute rest period between sets. training load for remaining weeks consisted of 20 seconds of work followed by 10 seconds of rest, with 5 repetitions and a one-minute rest period between sets. intensity used ranged from 85% to 90% of maximum training value, employing high-intensity interval training (HIIT). One of key findings was that Tabata exercises had a positive effect on improving cardiorespiratory fitness in research participants because they targeted working muscles of tennis players.

Biomechanical Determinants And Their Relationship To Effectiveness Index Of Performing Backhand Stroke In Tennis As A Basis To Plan Specific Training Methods

Mustafa Waleed Al-Obaidi — 2026-01-31

The aim of this case study is to investigate kinematic determinants of ball, racket, and body center of gravity during backhand stroke in tennis, and their relationship to ball's launch and exit speed. It also examines angular kinematic determinants of body (body angles) during moments of performance and their relationship to ball's launch and exit speed. This study investigated kinematic determinants of body and striking arm during performance moments and their relationship to speed of ball release and release. The study sample consisted of a junior-level player (age 18, height 1.82 m, weight 75 kg, 10 years of training experience). Backhand stroke in tennis was filmed and analyzed using three high-speed GoPro Hero 6 cameras set to frequencies of 120 fps and 60 fps. Cameras (1) and (2) were set to 60 fps to study details of body connections, while camera (3) was set to 120 fps to study details of ball and release indicators from the racket. Three-dimensional analysis was performed using Skillspector software to extract kinematic variables of body, ball release indicators, kinematics of torso and striking arm connections, and center of gravity. Key findings height of ball at the moment of impact is affected by increasing ball's launch and exit velocity. The ball's launch velocity is affected by rate of the racket's basic horizontal acceleration distance. Increasing the racket's vertical acceleration distance leads to an increase in the ball's exit angle. Increasing the racket's net acceleration distance leads to an increase in the ball's exit angle, noting that the racket's net acceleration distance is affected by rate of the racket's basic vertical acceleration distance. The ball's launch and exit velocity are affected by angle of right ankle during initial basic acceleration of the racket and angle of right knee joint during the ball's launch and exit from the racket.

The Effect Of Exercises Similar To Competitive Performance On The Skills Of Passing And Dribbling And Oxygen Saturation (Spo2) Among Junior Handball Players

Baha Abdulhussein Abdulali — 2026-01-31

The novelty of the study is that it aims to determine the effect of task-oriented exercises that simulate competitive play on the passing/dribbling skill along with the arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2) of junior handball players and it is hoped that it would provide insights on the integration training modules to meet both the technical and physiological requirements.The research problem can be briefly formulated as the lack of empirical data on the extent of the impact that competition-style exercises have on passing and dribbling, and also on SpO 2 in junior handball players; a gap in the knowledge is still not filled properly.The goals of the current study were (a) to develop competitive-type drills that are expected to improve passing, dribbling, and SpO 2 in junior handball players, and (b) to test the outcome of such drills on the above outcome variables.The experimental design was taken with the treatment (experimental) group and a comparison (control) group because this study methodology was considered suitable to answer the research problem.The group of the study involved the youth division of the Naft Maysan Club that included 16 athletes aged 16-17. A random sample population of 12 players was extracted out of this population and was further divided into experimental and control groups comprising of six each. Two subjects were not included in the primary project: one of them was conducted as preliminary pilot study, and the other one was excluded because of his position as a goalkeeper.Statistical tests were performed in SPSS 26 and the results obtained had a number of significant results. First among them was the fact that the competitive-style exercises dramatically improved passing skills as the accuracy and time spent to execute the pass were significantly higher than those of the control group. Likewise, the level of dribbling skills enhanced in the experimental group and was manifested by a significant reduction in the duration of dribbling, which shows a higher level of ball-handling and faster motor reactions during the defense and time-pressure-related situations.The researchers obtained a number of practical implications: (1) introduction of the drills of the competitive style in the program of youth handball training under the influence of realistic game situations to both enhance the development of technical competence and physiological conditioning; (2) use of progressive approach to intensity and duration within the weekly training blocks to ensure the proper balance of physical load and recovery; and (3) the priority of progressive adaptation to maximise skill acquisition and physiological benefits.

Impact Of Active Learning Strategies Cooperation And Peer Mentoring On Students' Football Dribbling And Passing Skills

Sabaa Muhamad Hameed — 2026-01-31

The study aimed to identify effect of two active learning methods cooperative learning and peer mentoring on developing dribbling and passing skills in football among first-year students at College of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, Wasit University, for academic year 2024–2025, and to conduct a comparison between two methods to determine which is better. researcher used experimental method with an equivalent groups design. research sample consisted of (30) students, who were randomly distributed into three groups two experimental groups and one control group, with (10) students in each group. experiment was conducted at college sports field during period from 1/10/2025 to 1/2/2026, and equivalence and homogeneity were ensured for variables of height, weight, and prior skill performance. Key findings active learning groups (cooperative and peer-guided) achieved a significant advantage in post-tests of dribbling and passing skills compared to control group that followed traditional method, results showed that "cooperative learning method" was superior to "peer mentoring method" in improving level of skill performance in football. Interactive strategies contributed to enhancing students' motor coordination, teamwork, and self- confidence. study recommends adopting cooperative learning as a fundamental pillar in football skills training programs, and urges instructors to integrate active learning methods into their curricula to improve quality of educational outcomes and increase students' motivation towards motor learning.

Performance Level Of Scout Leaders Indicated By Their Most Important Leadership Qualities And Decision-Making Abilities

Watheq Hadood Obaid — 2026-01-31

The current research aims to identify performance level of scout leaders at universities of Middle Euphrates region during academic year 2025-2026. The researchers used a descriptive approach with a survey method and correlational analysis. A sample of 40 scout leaders and 100 scouts was selected, as scout leadership is considered one of the most important and fundamental elements in success of scouting activities, and without it, other scouting elements cannot succeed. Competent leadership can understand requirements and developments during scouting activities through ability to make decisions and use successful and rapid communication skills by scout group to ensure speed and accuracy of implementing scouting activities . The researchers hypothesized that there is a significant correlation between performance level of leaders and the most important leadership qualities preferred by scout leaders, as well as decision-making. Importance of current research lies in attempting to analyze and track performance level of scout leaders in Iraqi universities from their perspective, while also providing scientific measures for leadership qualities and appropriate decision-making for scout leaders in universities. The researchers concluded that there is a consensus among the sample of scout leaders regarding the level of performance, there is a consensus among the sample of scout leaders in identifying the most important leadership qualities of scout leaders, the relationship between the leadership qualities variable and the decision-making variable for the sample of scout leaders depended on the relationship between their performance level. The researchers also recommends that need to adopt the performance level of scout leaders that the researcher reached in order to identify scout leaders in Iraqi universities and generalize it to the general directorates of education, paying attention to scout leaders and developing their abilities and skills through training courses and scout camps.

Anxiety, Self-Confidence, and Discipline Among Physical Education Students in Practical Courses at Universitas Tanjungpura

Wiwik Yunitaningrum — 2026-01-31

Objectives. This study was conducted to identify and describe students’ anxiety, self-confidence, and discipline during practical lectures in the Physical Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Universitas Tanjungpura.

Materials and Methods.. This research used a descriptive quantitative design with a survey approach. The participants were all active students of the Physical Education Study Program, FKIP, Universitas Tanjungpura, from the 2020, 2021, 2022, and 2023 cohorts who had completed practical courses, with a total of 182 students. Since all eligible students were included, the study applied total sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires covering anxiety, self-confidence, and discipline. The data were then analyzed using descriptive quantitative techniques.

Results.. The results showed that students’ anxiety and self-confidence in practical lectures were generally at a moderate level, while their discipline tended to be in the high category.

Conclusions.. This study examined anxiety, self-confidence, and discipline among students taking practical lectures in the Physical Education Study Program at Universitas Tanjungpura. Using a descriptive quantitative survey, data were collected from 182 students through questionnaires and analyzed descriptively. The findings showed that anxiety and self-confidence were mostly in the moderate category, while discipline was generally high.

Competitive Leadership Styles in Professional Handball: Evidence from the Iraqi Premier League

Ghazwan Azeez Muhsin — 2026-01-31

Background. Leadership in competitive sport represents a multidimensional construct integrating tactical decision-making, emotional regulation, and communication precision. Despite growing international research on coaching leadership, empirical evidence from Middle Eastern professional handball remains limited

Objectives. This study aimed to identify competitive leadership styles adopted by coaches from the perspective of players in the Iraqi Handball Premier League (2022–2023 season).

Materials and Methods. A descriptive cross-sectional survey design was employed. The total population consisted of 229 players across 15 clubs, with 170 valid questionnaires analyzed. The Competitive Leadership Behavior Scale demonstrated acceptable reliability (α = 0.73).

Results. Results indicated variability in leadership dimensions (M = 1.001–3.982). Tactical adaptability and communication timing ranked highest, whereas behavioral stability under fluctuating match conditions ranked lowest.

Conclusions. The findings reveal a tactically robust yet psychologically developing leadership profile. The study contributes context-specific empirical evidence and highlights the need to integrate emotional intelligence training into professional coaching development programs.

The Impact of Integrated (Physical-Skill) Educational Exercises on Special Strength and Technical Performance in Shot Put among Physical Education Students

Rana Mohamed Mutair — 2026-01-31

Background: Traditional athletic pedagogy often separates physical conditioning from technical skill acquisition, which can lead to a "mechanical gap" in explosive events like the shot put.

Objectives. This study aimed to design and evaluate the effectiveness of an integrated (physical-skill) educational program in developing special strength and technical performance among first-year students.

Materials and Methods. An experimental approach with a pre-test/post-test randomized control group design was employed. The sample consisted of 40 male students from the University of Babylon ( n = 20 experimental; n = 20$ control). The experimental group underwent a 4-week program (3 sessions/week) consisting of exercises that combined medicine ball drills and plyometrics with specific shot put technical phases.

Results. Statistical analysis using independent and paired t-tests revealed significant improvements (p < 0.05) in both groups. However, the experimental group showed a clear superiority in the post-tests across all variables, particularly in explosive power (medicine ball throw and jumping tests) and technical proficiency (Mean = 9.17 vs. 5.22 for the control group).

Conclusions. Integrated exercises facilitate a more efficient "Motor Transfer," allowing students to apply physical force within the precise technical requirements of the shot put. The author is recommendation Integrating physical and technical drills into a single instructional framework is highly recommended for university-level athletic curricula to optimize performance and learning efficiency.

The Effect of Target Game Training on the Shooting Accuracy of Perseco Samahani Club Players

Septi Hariansyah — 2026-01-31

Objectives. This study aimed to examine the effect of target game training on the shooting accuracy of Perseco Samahani Club players.

Materials and Methods. This study employed a quantitative experimental approach using a one-group pretest-posttest design. The population consisted of all 16 players of Perseco Samahani Club, and because the number was limited, total sampling was applied, resulting in 16 participants. The treatment was carried out in 16 training sessions. Data were collected using a shooting accuracy test based on Winarno (2016: 55). The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation, as well as an inferential analysis using the t-test to determine the significance of the training effect.

Results. The findings showed that target game training had a significant effect on the shooting accuracy of Perseco Samahani Club players. The t-test result revealed a t-value of 6.74, which was higher than the t-table value of 1.76 at a significance level of 0.05 with 14 degrees of freedom. These results indicate that the training program significantly improved players’ shooting accuracy after the intervention.

Conclusions. In conclusion, target game training was effective in improving the shooting accuracy of Perseco Samahani Club players. The study confirms that structured target-based training can be used as an effective method to enhance shooting performance in football players