Keragaman Global dalam Tata Kelola Perusahaan Multinasional Pertanian di Berbagai Benua

Abstract

This study aims to compare corporate governance practices among multinational companies (MNCs) in the agricultural sector operating in Europe, Asia (including Indonesia), Africa, and the Americas. The primary focus of this research is to analyze how governance structures influence company performance, risk behavior, and the integration of ESG (Environmental, Social, and Governance) principles. This study adopts a qualitative approach using a comparative literature review method, incorporating sources from reputable academic journals, reports by international organizations, and regulatory documents published within the last ten years. The analysis is conducted based on three main dimensions of governance: board structure, ESG integration, and risk management. Findings of the study reveal significant regional variations. European companies tend to adopt a mature stakeholder-based governance system with strong ESG integration. In contrast, companies in Asia and Africa face institutional challenges such as concentrated ownership, weak oversight, and limited ESG reporting capacity. Globally, corporate governance practices remain fragmented due to the absence of harmonized standards and institutional capacity constraints. This study concludes that an adaptive governance approach—one that combines global best practices with local contexts is necessary to promote sustainability, resilience, and accountability among multinational agribusinesses. The research offers theoretical contributions to the global governance literature and practical implications for policymakers and stakeholders in the transnational agricultural sector.