Financial Dynamics of Timber Harvesting on Community Forests: Implications for Farmers’ Income and Agroforestry Sustainability in South Sulawesi

Nurdin Dalya; Gerson Kristianto; Andi Nur Apung Massiseng

doi:10.35724/ag.v16i3.8023

Nurdin Dalya Universitas Hasanuddin
Gerson Kristianto Fakultas Kehutanan, Universitas Hasanuddin, Makassar
Andi Nur Apung Massiseng Fakultas Perikanan, Universitas Cokroaminoto Makassar

DOI: https://doi.org/10.35724/ag.v16i3.8023

Keywords: timber harvesting, community forest, financial dynamics, farmers income, agroforestry

Abstract

Harvesting cost is a critical component of community forest management as it directly influences the income and net profits of forest farmers. However, comprehensive long-term studies tracking these costs remain limited because historical data is fragmented and lacks systematic documentation. This study aims to identify the long-term trends of timber harvesting costs over a 15-year period (2008–2022) and analyze the factors driving these cost dynamics in community forests of South Sulawesi. The methodology employs a meta-analysis approach synthesizing 12 previous studies (generating 22 harvesting cost data points) gathered from scientific databases and academic libraries, coupled with empirical field validation through structured interviews with forest farmers in Maros and Gowa Districts. Cost ranges were classified using Sturges' Rule. The results reveal that timber harvesting costs in South Sulawesi experienced a fluctuating upward trend during 2008–2022. The early phase (2008–2011) was characterized by relatively low costs due to manual, small-scale operations utilizing simple hand tools. The mid-phase (2012–2017) saw steady cost increases driven by rising labor wages and fuel prices. The late phase (2018–2022) exhibited high cost volatility, significantly exacerbated by COVID-19 pandemic logistical constraints and the national fuel price hike in 2022. According to Sturges' classification, the majority of historical costs fall within the low-to-medium class of IDR 416,368 – IDR 613,776 m⁻³. Field validation confirmed significant species-specific variations: Teak (IDR 969,316.84 m⁻³), Acacia (IDR 963,710.94 m⁻³), Red Jabon (IDR 922,365.22 m⁻³), Candlenut (IDR 465,054.85 m⁻³), and Mango (IDR 369,115.19 m⁻³). Tree physical properties (wood hardness and diameter), felling site topography, road accessibility, and harvesting methods (manual vs. semi-mechanized) were identified as key determinant factors. This study concludes that the financial dynamics of timber harvesting are determined by the complex interplay between biophysical site factors and macroeconomic conditions.

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