Effect of Distance-Variation Training on Overhand Serve Skills among Female Volleyball Athletes at PBV Bangau Club

Abstract

Objectives: This study examined the effect of distance-variation training on the overhand serve skills of female volleyball athletes at PBV Bangau Club.

Materials and Methods: A quantitative pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest model was used. Fourteen female athletes were selected through total sampling. The intervention consisted of 12 training sessions focused on overhand serve practice from gradually varied distances of 3 m, 6 m, and 9 m. Serve skill was measured using an overhand serve target test consisting of six attempts. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro-Wilk normality test, and the paired-sample t-test at a significance level of 0.05.

Results: The mean pretest score was 14.57 +/- 1.83, while the mean posttest score increased to 19.86 +/- 2.03. The mean improvement was 5.29 points (36.27%). The Shapiro-Wilk test indicated normally distributed pretest and posttest data (p = 0.498 and p = 0.717, respectively). The paired-sample t-test showed a significant difference between pretest and posttest scores, t(13) = -15.614, p < 0.001, with a very large within-subject effect size (Cohen's dz = 4.17).

Conclusions: Distance-variation training significantly improved overhand serve skills among female volleyball athletes at PBV Bangau Club. The program can be used by coaches as a practical drill strategy to develop serve control, accuracy, and consistency.